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Sensation
„ Sensation
„ a process by which our sensory
receptors and nervous system receive
and represent stimulus energy
„ Perception
„ a process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information, enabling us to
recognize meaningful objects and
events
Sensation
„ ur
sensory
and
perceptual
processes
work
together to
help us
sort out
complex
processes
Sensation

„ dottom-Up Processing
„ analysis that begins with the sense receptors
and works up to the brainƞs integration of
sensory information
„ Top-Down Processing
„ information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes
„ as when we construct perceptions drawing on
our experience and expectations
Sensation

„ Top-Down Processing
Sensation

„ Top-Down Processing
Sensation

„ Top-Down Processing
Sensation

„ Top-Down Processing
Sensation

„ Top-Down Processing
Sensation

„ Top-Down Processing
Sensation - Basic
Principles
„ Psychophysics
„ study of the relationship between
physical characteristics of stimuli and
our psychological experience of them
„ Light- brightness
„ Sound- volume
„ Pressure- weight
„ Taste- sweetness
Sensation - Basic
Principles
„ Psychophysics
„ Spatial Frequency-
Sensation - Thresholds

„ 3bsolute Threshold
„ minimum stimulation needed to detect a
particular stimulus 50% of the time
„ Difference Threshold
„ minimum difference between two stimuli
required for detection 50% of the time
„ just noticeable difference (JND)
 Sensation - Thresholds

JJ
  
„ Subliminal
 
   
„ When stimuli are
below oneƞs

J absolute


 threshold for


 conscious
awareness
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Sensation - Thresholds

„ Weberƞs Law- to perceive as different,

two stimuli must differ by a constant
minimum percentage
„ light intensity- 8%
„ weight- 2%
„ tone frequency- 0.3%
„ Sensory adaptation- diminished
sensitivity as a consequence of constant
stimulation
mision - Stabilized
Images on the Retina
mision
„ Wavelength
„ the distance from the peak of one wave to
the peak of the next
„ Hue
„ dimension of color determined by
wavelength of light
„ Intensity
„ amount of energy in a wave determined by
amplitude
„ brightness
„ loudness
The spectrum of
electromagnetic energy
 mision - Physical
Properties of Waves


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mision
mision
„ 3ccommodation- the process by which
the eyeƞs lens changes shape to help
focus near or far objects on the retina

„ Retina- the light-sensitive inner surface of

the eye, containing receptor rods and
cones plus layers of neurons that begin
the processing of visual information
Retina·s Reaction
to Light - Receptors
„ Rods
„ peripheral retina
„ detect black, white and gray
„ twilight or low light
„ Cones
„ near center of retina
„ fine detail and color vision
„ daylight or well-lit conditions
Retina·s Reaction
to Light

„ ptic nerve
„ carries neural impulses from the eye to the
brain
„ dlind Spot
„ point at which the optic nerve leaves the
eye, creating a Ơblind spotơ because there
are no receptor cells located there
Retina·s Reaction
to Light
mision - Receptors
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Pathways from the Eyes
to the misual Cortex
misual Information
Processing
„ Feature Detectors
„ nerve cells in the
)

. 
brain that  $
respond to specific
features 

„ shape
„ angle
„ movement
misual Information
Processing

„ Parallel Processing
„ simultaneous processing of several
aspects of a problem simultaneously
misual Information
Processing
misual Information
Processing
„ Trichromatic (three color) Theory
„ Young and Helmholtz
„ three different retinal color receptors
„ red
„ green
„ blue
Color-Deficient mision

„ People who suffer

red-green
blindness have
trouble perceiving
the number within
the design
misual Information
Processing
pponent-Process Theory - opposing retinal
processes enable color vision
ƠNơ ƠFFơ
red green
green red
blue yellow
yellow blue
black white
white black
pponent Process -
Afterimage Effect
misual Information
Processing

„ Color Constancy
„ Perceiving familiar objects as having
consistent color, even if changing
illumination alters the wavelengths
reflected by the object
Audition
„ misual Capture
„ tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
„ 3udition
„ the sense of hearing
„ Frequency
„ the number of complete wavelengths that pass a
point in a given time
„ Pitch
„ a toneƞs highness or lowness
„ depends on frequency
The Intensity of Some
Common Sounds
Audition - The Ear
Audition - The Ear
„ Giddle Ear
„ chamber between eardrum and cochlea
containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil,
stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the
eardrum on the cochleaƞs oval window
„ Inner Ear
„ innermost part of the ear, containing the
cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular
sacs
„ Cochlea
„ coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear
through which
Ñow We Locate
Sounds
Pain
„ èate-Control Theory
„ theory that the spinal cord contains a
neurological Ơgateơ that blocks pain
signals or allows them to pass on to the
brain
„ Ơgateơ opened by the activity of pain
signals traveling up small nerve fibers
„ Ơgateơ closed by activity in larger fibers
or by information coming from the brain
Taste
„ Taste Sensations
„ sweet
„ sour
„ salty
„ bitter
„ Sensory Interaction
„ the principle that one sense may influence
another
„ as when the smell of food influences its taste
Smell
/

 
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Body Position and
Movement
„ ·inesthesis
„ the system for sensing the position and
movement of individual body parts
„ mestibular Sense
„ the sense of body movement and
position
„ including the sense of balance
Perceptual rganization

„ èestalt
„ organized whole
„ tendency to
integrate pieces of
information into
meaningful wholes
 Perceptual rganization

„ Figure and èround--organization of the visual

field into objects (figures) that stand out
from their surroundings (ground)
Perceptual rganization-
Gestalt
„ èrouping
„ the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli
into coherent groups
„ èrouping Principles
„ proximity--group nearby figures together
„ similarity--group figures that are similar
„ continuity--perceive continuous patterns
„ closure--fill in gaps
„ connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are
seen as unit when connected
Perceptual rganization-
Grouping Principles
Perceptual rganization-
Closure

„ èestalt
grouping
principles
are at
work here.
Perceptual rganization-
Grouping Principles

„ èestalt
grouping
principles
are at
work here.
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

misual Cliff
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception
„ Depth Perception
„ ability to see objects in three dimensions
„ allows us to judge distance
„ dinocular cues
„ retinal disparity
„ images from the two eyes differ
„ closer the object, the larger the disparity
„ convergence
„ neuromuscular cue
„ two eyes move inward for near objects
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

„ Gonocular Cues
„ relative size
„ smaller image is more distant
„ interposition
„ closer object blocks distant object
„ relative clarity
„ hazy object seen as more distant
„ texture coarse --> close
fine --> distant
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception
„ Gonocular Cues (cont.)
„ relative height
„ higher objects seen as more distant
„ relative motion
„ closer objects seem to move faster
„ linear perspective
„ parallel lines converge with distance
„ relative brightness
„ closer objects appear brighter
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

Relative Size
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

Interposition
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

Relative Height
Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

Light and Shadow

Perceptual rganization-
Depth Perception

Perspective Techniques
Perceptual Constancy
„ Perceptual Constancy
„ perceiving objects as unchanging even as
illumination and retinal image change
„ color
„ shape
„ size
Perceptual rganization
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual rganization-
Size-Distance Relationship
Perceptual rganization-
Brightness Contrast
Perceptualrganization-
Grouping Principles

„ Impossible
doghouse
Perceptual
Interpretation

„ Perceptual 3daptation
„ (vision) ability to adjust to an
artificially displaced visual field
„prism glasses
„ Perceptual Set
„ a mental predisposition to perceive
one thing and not another
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ 3 little demonstration

„ Will half the class close

their eyes?
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ What kinds of horn

are used in jazz?
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ What kinds of horn

are used in jazz?
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ 3 little demonstration, part d

„ Will the other half of the

class close their eyes?
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ Can you name a

famous movie
actress from dlack
and White movies?
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ Can you name a

famous movie
actress from dlack
and White movies?
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ 3 little demonstration, part C

„ 3s soon as you
recognize something
raise your handƦ.
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ What do you see?

Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ What do you see?

Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ What you see in the

center is influenced
by perceptual set
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

„ What you see in the

center is influenced
by perceptual set
Perceptual Set-
Schemas

Flying Saucers or Clouds?

Extrasensory
Perception

„ Extrasensory Perception
„ controversial claim that perception can occur
apart from sensory input
„ telepathy
„ clairvoyance
„ precognition
„ Parapsychology
„ the study of paranormal phenomena
„ ESP
„ psychokinesis