The Mongol khans

Presented by: B.Ninjin

B.Emujin
M.Nyam-Erdene
M.Luvsanbat
WE WILL STUDY ABOUT:
★ Chinggis khan /1206-1227/
★ Ögedei khan /1229-1241/
★ Güyük khan /1246-1248/
★ Möngke khan/1251-1259/
★ Kublai khan/1260-1294/
Chinggis khan/1206-1127/
He established “Ikhe Mongol Ulus” by uniting
all the scattered tibes in 1206.
• The wars initiated by Chinggis khan has
defined by the economic interests of the
dignitaries and strategy to strengthen the
unity of the empire.
• He used to consult some issues only with his
Altan Urag, sons, dignitaries and Nökers.
• He arranged his
army into decimal
system and named
the most superior
warrior “хэшигтэн”
• He renewed the
administration of
Mongol and
appointed
Shihihutug as a first
judge of the
Mongols.
 In Chinggis khan’s lessons
and aphorisms:
One day he asked his four sons
“What is the happiness and
good fortune ?/Зол жаргалын
дээд нь юу вэ?/
All four sons answered
differently but Ögedei made a
good point.
 “ After Chinggis khan has
passed away the Mongol empire was
temporarily under control of Tolui for
2 years until the official succession

”
of the new khan .
“ Tolui, the youngest son of Chinggis
would succeed his father but Chinggis has
chosen Ögedei as a new khan of Mongol.
It was his testament. Tolui, and Chagatai all

”
agreed with this .
“ The khans of Mongol were chosen by the
previous khans from the Altan urag and used to be
consulted in the assembly of the dignitaries of the

Mongol .”
Columbia University’s Asia for Educators:
When Chinggis Khan died, he did not leave behind an
orderly system of succession to the Khanate, nor any
principle, other than a personal loyalty to a specific figure, as a
basis for the confederation. The confederacy he had designed
was based upon personal loyalty from tribal or other kinds of
chieftains — it did not transcend to a Mongol nation or Mongol
ethnic identity. Thus, each succeeding khan would have to
rebuild these personal relationships.
Ögedei khan/1229-1241/
Chinggis khan’s third son Ögedei
(1185-1241) continued the
expansion of the empire that his
father had begun. As soon as he
officially succeeded his father in
13th of September, 1129 he started
to make solution on issues related
to civils.
“ It was difficult for Chinggis to focus on organizing
all these tribes that had different cultures, lifestyles
and values especially when he was making war with
other states. So, the structure of the citizens were
coarse and outdated. Therefore Ögedei khan
decided to alter the administration/governing/ of the

tribes in Mongol ” .
1.At first, he launched the
“Ikhe zasag khauli” after
his father.
This law states about:
• Succession of khans
• An assembly of dignitaries
• Communication with the outside
• Дархлах ёс/ to declare as sacred/
• Citizen responsibilty
• Soldiers responsibility
• Hunting
• Tax system ...
 Ögedei khan
used to support
trade and lower
the taxes but he
used to strongly
prohibit unfair
trades,
exploitation of
people and
corruption.

2. Trade
3.Postal system
Initially, the Mongol empire used to communicate with
the officials that is working distant by using postal
relays. To establish the postal system he made
several routes and in every 50 km he built postal
stations. In other words the messengers of the khan is
able to be charged by food and horses in every 50 km
on his way.
4.Tax system
Ögedei khan has set the tax system depending on
the states he conquered by consulting with the
international councilors. To implement the tax system
efficiently he made population census. Based on the
census he decided to get certain amount of
money,silk and seeds from the citizens in conquest.
5. During the times of Ogodei khan, the construction of the first
city of Mongol “Karakorum” has started. By allocating taxes from
merchants/traders/ his income has increased.

6. During the middle of 1230 Ogodei khan went to war to

conquest Jurchens and beated Jurchens completely in 1234.

7. He renewed the structure of the public asministration and

appointed dignitaries.

8. He bore a well to irrigate the Gobi desert.

9. Also the federation of Korea, south Sun and Qipchak has

killed Mongol messenger so he decided to initiate wars.
10. He strengthened his soldiers and updated the
“хэшигтэн” system.
11. He used to allocate scholars who came from all over
the empire and got their assistance in works related to the
state.
12. He established schools and cultural organisations.
13. He established instuition for books, history and tales.
14. He also decided to initiate war in East Europe and this
war is commanded by Subedei after one year.
Persian historian Rashid al-Din portrays
Ögödei as
An easy-going, fun-loving, and
bibulous ruler whose policies
were supportive of trade,
merchants, and crafts.

Ögedei died in 1241

from an alcohol-related
illness.
• Ögedei Khan helped to consolidate the Mongol Empire,
which did much to link communities and peoples that
previously had little or no contact. This period has been
described as the Pax Mongolia. For roughly 100 years
the majority of the continent was under Mongol control.
The resulting period of peace, international trade, and
economic and cultural prosperity is known to historians
as the Pax Mongolica, which translates to 'the Mongol
Peace.'
Töregene Khatun
Töregene Khatun was the Great
Khatun and regent of the Mongol
Empire from the death of her
husband Ögedei Khan in 1241 until
the election of her eldest son
Güyük Khan in 1246.
Güyük Khan
Güyük was the third Great Khan of
the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of
Ögedei Khan and a grandson of
Genghis Khan.
Oghul Qaimish
Oghul Qaimish was the principal wife of
Güyük Khan and ruled as regent over
the Mongol Empire after the death of her
husband in 1248. She was a
descendant of the Mergid tribe.
However, H.H. Howorth believed that
she was an Oirat.
Möngke Khan
Möngke was the fourth khagan of the
Mongol Empire, ruling from July 1,
1251, to August 11, 1259. He was the
first Khagan from the Toluid line, and
made significant reforms to improve
the administration of the Empire
during his reign.
Kublai Khan(1260-1294)
● Kublai was the fifth Khan of the Mongol Empire, reigning from
1260 to 1294. He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a
conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor
until his death in 1294.

● Kublai Khan is known and revered for his civilian and

administrative, not his military achievements.

● He made the transition from a nomadic conqueror from the

steppes to effective ruler of a sedentary society

● Kublai was well known for his toleration of foreign religions. The
Mongol rulers had been reputed for their acceptance and
patronage, embracing Islam in Persia and Nestorian Christianity
in central Asia. Under Kublai, religious establishments of the
Buddhist, Taoist, Nestorian, and Islamic orders were all
discharged from taxation.
First Contact with the Chinese
In his early years, through frequent contacts with the Chinese, Kublai
became aware of the potential of the Chinese literati as his future
political allies. As early as 1242, he had begun to summon men of
culture to his quarters in Karakorum in the Gobi Desert to offer counsel
on political affairs, including the famous Buddho-Taoist Liu Ping-chung,
who advised him on the Confucian principles of government and the
application of Chinese methods for administrative and economic
reforms. (The opinions of these cultured people became dominant in
Kublai's thinking as he began to ascend in national politics.)
 In the beginning of the 13th century, large numbers of Europeans
Contact with the and central Asians—merchants, travelers, and missionaries of
different orders—made their way to China.

West There were several direct exchanges( of missions between the Pope
and the Great Khan, though each with a different motive. In 1266
Kublai entrusted the Venetian merchants, the Polo brothers(Marco,
Maffeo and Niccolo were also employed as emissaries), to carry a
request to the Pope for a hundred Christian scholars and
technicians.

● The Polos were merchants who dealt in rare items like silk,
gems and spices

● Young Marco would forge an especially strong bond with the

Great Khan, who later dispatched him to China and Southeast
Asia as a tax collector and special messenger. Kublai Khan’s
trust and protection allowed the Polos to move freely within
the borders of the Mongol Empire.
Administration of the Khanate

➔ Kublai preoccupied himself with the reorganization of government, aiming at greater political control
and effective economic exploitation of the country.

➔ The new central administration of the Chinese territory consisted of the secretariat, the privy council,
and the censorate in charge of state, military, and censorial affairs. Local administration was
subdivided into four different levels of responsibility: the province, prefecture, secondary prefecture,
and district.

➔ The traditional Chinese features of government, such as Confucian rites, music, and calendar, were
also restored.
Consolidation of the Empire
➢ Under Kublai, the Mongol ruling oligarchy adopted divide-and-rule tactics. The Mongols and central
Asians remained separate from Chinese life; the social and economic fabric of the Chinese was left
basically unchanged. The whole population of China (about 58,000,000 in 1290) was divided into a
hierarchy of four social classes: the Mongols; the central Asians; the northern Chinese, Koreans, and
Jürchen; and the southern Chinese

➢ The first two classes enjoyed extensive administrative, economic, and judicial privileges; the third class
held an intermediate position; whereas the fourth, the most numerous of all, was practically excluded
from state offices.