Urban Housing

Urban Housing
Unit 1: Housing Issues Indian Context
Ar. Karthik Nachiappan, B.Arch.,M.A(Housing&Urbanism - AA, London) Assistant Professor- Sathyabama University
Figure 1: Housing squeeze in India Production of 20 million houses by 2022
Image Courtesy: livemint.com
Can affordable housing be achieved only by building new houses

Figure 2: Housing demand in India Estimated demand of 6.79 million by 2012-13
Image Courtesy: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24116412_A_Study_of_Residential_Housing_Demand_in_India
Market Quality of
commodity life
Housing ??
Changes in
social and Process
physical
pattern Figure 3: Illustration of housing as a process
Housing can be defined as a process that improves ones quality of life taking in to
account ones socio economic aspect resulting in changes of social and physical pattern of
the site, hence proven to be a market commodity
There are no easy solutions to the Third World's diverse housing problems because a
lack of adequate shelter is merely one manifestation of generalized poverty. Decent
shelter for all can never be guaranteed so long as there is widespread poverty. At the
same time, sensible policies can help mitigate shelter problems.
Housing a need third world example
Figure 4: Housing need vs eviction in third world
Image courtesy: http://memegenerator.net
Meaning, morality, and truth do not exist objectively. They are constructed by society.

Image Courtesy: bryanridgley.com
Reality can be so complex that equally valid observations from differing perspectives can
appear to be contradictory.
Figure 6: Rethinking concept of Housing
Image Courtesy: http://sputniknews.com/
Jordan shelters 115,000 frustrated Syrian refugees who live in plastic and aluminium houses.
Figure 7: The Zaatari camp was opened just a year ago as Jordan faced the nightmarish task of caring for and sheltering an exodus of people from Syria
Image Courtesy: http://sputniknews.com/
More than 1.8 million Syrians have officially registered as refugees since the start of the
conflict in March 2011
Concept of Housing an environment in conjunction with infrastructure, fresh air,
water, food, sanitation and recreation.
Figure 8: According to estimates of the Technical Group constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), the urban housing shortage in the
country at the end of the 10th Five-Year Plan was estimated to be 24.71 million for 66.30 million households
Image Source: http://www.joneslanglasalle.co.in
In India, private developers primarily target luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing
segment, since it fetches a premium over low- income housing.
Present
Growth in household
household conditions
Housing need
Rise in
Standard of
living Migration
Figure 9: Illustration of housing need
Ability
Inaccessibility Of
To housing houses
Housing
demand
Dictated by
Affordability
Purchasing
power Of houses
Figure 10: Illustration of housing demand
Housing Additions
stock Alterations
Housing supply
Extensions Up gradations
Figure 11: Illustration of housing supply
Urban Housing Scenario in India
Access to Housing 2001
Household having: Percentage of Households
No Exclusive Room 2.3
One Room 35.1
Two Rooms 29.5
More than two Rooms 33.1
Figure 12: The accessibility to housing and the urban housing scenario in India as per 2011 census
Quality of Housing Stock
50 47.49
Pucca 41.17
45
Semi-Pucca
40
Kutcha
No of Houses (in Million)
35 29.79
30
25
18.09
20
15 11.8
8.08 9.16
6.8 6.21
10 4.35
2.35 3.11 3.3 2.7 2.18
5
0
1971 1981 1991 2001 2007 *
(18.5) (28) (39.3) (52.06) (58.83)
Year
Figure 13: The figure in Parenthesis is the total housing stock (in Million)
Image Source L Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage, NBO, MoHUPA
Growth of Slums
61.8
46
28
Figure 14: According to estimates of the Technical Group constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), the urban growth of slums is
estimated to be 61.8 million
Image Source: http://www.joneslanglasalle.co.in
90% belong to informal sector with no assurance of a steady income.

Housing Shortage and Requirement
Estimation by Technical Group
Housing shortage at the beginning of 11th Five 24.71 million dwelling

Year Plan (1.4.2007) units
Additional Housing Requirement for the 11th 1.82 million dwelling

Plan (2007-2012) units
Total housing requirement during 11th Plan 26.53 million dwelling

Period including the carried over housing units
shortage
Figure 15: According to estimates of the Technical Group constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), the urban growth of slums is
estimated to be 61.8 million
Image Source: http://www.ewn.co.za
Global policy by UN in 1988 calls upon different governments to set goals and intentions
Figure 16: Housing policies gaining confidence in changing the scenario in new urban areas
Figure 17: Clever intervention of Public private partnership model to produce housing
Policies does it support the PPP model ???

Objectives of National Housing Policy, 1988 (1994/1998)
Invest in Housing
Housing as a strategy
Encourage private sector
Strengthen Public housing Agencies
To divert agencies on improving conditions
To utilize science and technology (building materials, training for upgrading skills,
appropriate technologies, co-op and group housing, modifying laws and regulations)
To arrest rents and land values
The Five Year Plans
1951-56 1956-61 1961-66 1966-69 1969-74 1974-79
1997-
1978-80 1980-85 1985-90 1992-97 2002-07
2002
2002
-
2012
Image Courtesy: livemint.com
Can affordable housing be achieved only by building new houses

Public Housing Agencies
National Housing policy

1988 - Series of developments
- Public sector interventions
National Housing and Habitat Policy

- Government as facilitator, Multiple stakeholders
1998
- Involvement of private sector, decentralization
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy

2007 - Facilitate Land and Housing, promote subsidies, forging partnerships
- Challenges of shelter and issues of slums
Basic services for JNNURM Affordable Housing

Urban Poor in partnership
Urban reform Part of JNNURM

and construct 1.5 to forge
To provide
million homes in partnerships
entitlements,
65 cities between public,
affordability,
private, ULB,
education,
Finance and
health,
State authorities
sanitation,
security of
tenure, water
and social
security
RAY IHSDP
Housing and infrastructure

Basic services Eradicating the
conditions of poor
Communal facilities
Affordable housing including
rental housing
Key players playing a pivotal role in housing developments and agencies
Role of Public sector in Housing Developments
Case study of Singapore
Financial players and their role in housing developments
Financial players and their role in housing developments
Role of Public sector in Housing Developments
Case study of Singapore
Singapore: a city - state is one of the celebrated examples of planned urbanization
strategy for economic development. Its successful strategy involves the comprehensive
provision of housing for all by the state, which provides home for almost 83% of the
population (HDB Info Web).
Housing Deficit and Urban Agencies Involved
The housing deficit in the country during the time of its independence was around a
million.
Strictly speaking the comprehensive mode of provision is primarily the monopolization

of the supply of housing by the state to the entire population. Perhaps, this can be
justified in terms of ensuring affordability to at least the first home to a family.
Social Housing developments in the UK
Role of Private sector in Housing Developments
Case study of MCMV
Role of Private sector in Housing Developments
Case study of MCMV
Urban Housing
Unit 2: Socio economic aspects and housing standards
Figure 9: Illustration of social factors influencing housing design
Figure 9: Illustration of economic factors influencing housing design
Economic factors and housing design
Design of EWS houses and example
Design of Slum up gradation houses and example - Mumbai
Design of Low income affordable houses Tata Housing
Design of Single, Double and Triple BHK houses private developments
Luxury houses and Villa/Condominiums
Slums / Informality ??
Infotopia A city within a city
Strategies of government to clear, evict, upgrade and demolish ??
Humanistic strategy to work with it ??
Examples of Slum up gradation projects in India
Sites and Services program ??
Examples pertaining to Sites and Services in Chennai and other cities

Urban Housing

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Urban Housing

Unit 1: Housing Issues Indian Context

Can affordable housing be achieved only by building new houses

Housing a need third world example

Figure 5: Housing squeeze in India Production of 20 million houses by 2022

Figure 9: Illustration of housing need

Figure 10: Illustration of housing demand

Figure 11: Illustration of housing supply

Household having: Percentage of Households

No Exclusive Room 2.3

One Room 35.1

Two Rooms 29.5

More than two Rooms 33.1

90% belong to informal sector with no assurance of a steady income.

Estimation by Technical Group

Housing shortage at the beginning of 11th Five 24.71 million dwelling

Additional Housing Requirement for the 11th 1.82 million dwelling

Total housing requirement during 11th Plan 26.53 million dwelling

Policies does it support the PPP model ???

Encourage private sector

Strengthen Public housing Agencies

To divert agencies on improving conditions

To arrest rents and land values

1951-56 1956-61 1961-66 1966-69 1969-74 1974-79

Can affordable housing be achieved only by building new houses

National Housing policy

National Housing and Habitat Policy

National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy

Basic services for JNNURM Affordable Housing

Urban reform Part of JNNURM

Housing and infrastructure

Case study of Singapore

Case study of Singapore

Strictly speaking the comprehensive mode of provision is primarily the monopolization

Case study of MCMV

Unit 2: Socio economic aspects and housing standards

Design of EWS houses and example

Design of Slum up gradation houses and example - Mumbai

Design of Low income affordable houses Tata Housing

Design of Single, Double and Triple BHK houses private developments

Luxury houses and Villa/Condominiums

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