HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION
Elements of human settlements-
Human beings and settlements-
Nature shells and network-
their functions and linkage-
Anatomy and classification of human settlements-
Locational, Resource based, Population size and Occupational structure-

What is settlement?
What is planning?
What is human settlement?
What are the basic needs of settlement?

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 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
There is a need for a science dealing with human settlements, because otherwise we cannot view these
settlements in a reasonable way.
Is such a science possible? (yes, in two ways)
-people must have had such a science, written down in documents (in ancient Greek times)
-principles and laws whose validity can be demonstrated. (in creating his settlements)

Constantinos A. Doxiadis
Ekistics is the science of human settlements; this characteristic refers to functions
expressed in space by area of certain dimensions.

First Dimension- relative to Scale:

* Lower End- the individual, the room, and the dwelling; and increases in size.
* Other Extreme- the city, the urban continent, and the "world-wide city"--which he called
an Ecumenopolis.
Second Dimension- man's five Environmental Elements:
* Nature
* Society
* Shells
* Networks
* Culture

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 FIVE PRINCIPLES

i. The first principle is maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of
nature (such as water and trees), with other people, and with the works of man (such
as buildings and roads).
ii. The second principle is minimization of the effort required for the achievement of
man's actual and potential contacts.
iii. The third principle is optimization of man's protective space, which means the
selection of such a distance from other persons, animals, or objects that he can keep
his Contacts with them (first principle) without any kind of Sensory Or Psychological
discomfort.
iv. The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his
environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of all
sorts)and networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the principle
that leads to order, physiological and aesthetic, and that influences architecture and,
in many respects, art.
v. Finally, and this is the fifth principle, man organizes his settlements in an attempt to
achieve an optimum synthesis of the other four principles, and this optimization is
dependent on time and space, on actual conditions, and on man's ability to create a
synthesis.

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 FIVE PRINCIPLES
EKISTIC PRINCIPLES DESIRABILITY OUTCOME

Maximization of potential Each individuals need for access to other people, work, goods, and
contacts services, is met in ways that score positively in terms of accessibility,
technology and cultural appropriateness.

Minimization of effort in People can satisfy their needs (e.g. as above) without having to expend
terms of energy, time and unnecessary time and energy.
cost

Optimization of Anthropos People live in a human scale neighborhood which is safe and secure,
protective space when alone where culturally sensitive provisions meet these needs.

Optimization of the quality People have levels of access to opportunities, and economic and social
of Anthropos relationship benefit which are fair and culturally sensitive.
with the system of life

Optimization in the The humane habitat exhibits a sensitive balance in the desirability
synthesis of all principles outcomes where quality of life and social justice reinforce the desirability
to achieve a sustainable environment.

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 FIVE MAJOR PHASES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
# Primitive non-organized human settlement
# Primitive organized human settlement
# Static urban settlement or cities
# Dynamic urban settlements
# The universal city

# Primitive non-organized human

settlement
The communities take up a smaller area where
they are agricultural, and a larger one where
they are hunting and cattle-breeding
communities.
On a macro scale, they consists of a nucleus
which is the built up part of the human
settlement, and several parts which lead out
into the open, thinning out until they disappear.
There is no physical lines connecting this
primitive settlement with others; there are no
networks between settlements.

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# Primitive organized human settlement
Era of organized agriculture, settlements also began to show some characteristics of
organization.
In initial the human had one-room dwelling in circular form, to organize the relationship of his
community with other communities, he expanded his dwelling by placing many round forms
side by side. Due to the loss of space between them, they developed more regular shapes
with no space lost between them. The evolution reached the stage at which a rectilinear
pattern develops into a regular grid - iron one.
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# Static urban settlement or cities
As settlements grew in size, man came to
realize that the principle of the single-
nucleus was not always valid in the
internal organization of the total shells of
the community, at this single nodal point,
which was adequate for the village and
for small cities, no longer sufficed.
The first thing to happen was the
expansion of the nucleus in one or more
directions; it was no longer limited to the
settlement's center of gravity.

Example: The small settlement of Priene, in ancient Greece, where the central nucleus
expanded in two ways:
#first in a linear form along a main street which contained shops that would normally be
clustered in the central agora
#secondly through the decentralization of some functions, such as temples.
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# Dynamic urban settlements
In the dynamic urban phase, settlements in space are characterized by continuous growth.
Hence, all their problems are continuously intensified and new ones continuously created.
Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological revolution, multiplying
in number and form, and now being created at an even higher rate.
The evils described in them are the evils of yesterday which are being multiplied today in a very
dangerous manner.
This makes the dynamic settlement completely different from any other category of
settlements and a real threat to humanity itself.
Early Dynapolis
Metropolis / Dynametropolis
Megalopolis / Dynamegalopolis

Early Dynapolis- This is the phase when small independent human settlements with
independent administrative units are beginning to grow beyond their initial boundaries. From
the economic point of view this development is related to industrialization, and from the
technological point of view to the railroad era, which first made commuting from distance
points possible.

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 HUMAN BEINGS AND SETTLEMENTS

VILLAGE in Pre Urban area City in Beginning Urban area Early Dynapolis

Dynapolis:-Industrial Era Metropolis:-Industrial Era Megalopolis

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Metropolis / Dynametropolis - fate of the historical metropolises has been dynamic
growth, a static phase, and then death static phase for a metropolis is the prelude of its
decline and death dynamic metropolis, after losing its momentum for growth, becomes
negatively dynamic.
Megalopolis / Dynamegalopolis - A megalopolis has the same external characteristics
as the metropolis, the only difference being that every phenomenon appears on a much
larger scale.
It is characteristic that all phenomenon of the development of human settlements up to the
metropolis shown on a 100 sq.km. Scale, for megalopolis would be 1,000sq.km.

# The universal city

Regardless of whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis), or composite
(metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing continuously during the last
centuries and this is apparent everywhere at present i.e. the whole Earth will be covered by
one human settlement.

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 NATURE SHELLS AND
NETWORK and THEIR
LINKAGES

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
A human settlement is an organized grouping of human habitation. It is classified into rural and
urban area.
The major difference between rural and urban areas is the function. Rural area have
predominantly primary activities, whereas urban areas have domination of secondary and
tertiary activities. Generally the rural areas have low density of population than urban.

Types of rural settlement:

1. Compact / clustered / nucleated settlement
2. Semi-compact / semi-clustered / fragmented settlement
3. Hamleted settlement (few dwelling units)
4. Dispersed settlement (temporary camp of hunters and herders)

The urban area comprises two types : Statutory towns and census towns.
Statutory towns :All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified
town area committee, etc.
Census towns :All other places satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously are
treated as census towns.
i) A minimum population of 5000.
ii) At least 75 percent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pirsuits.
iii) A density of population of at least 400 per sq.km (1000 per sq.mile)
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SPHERE OF INFLUENCE:
A spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of
cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of
powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.

This is defined as the area served by a particular settlement. The size of sphere of
influence depends on the size and functions of a town and its surrounding
settlement, the transport facilities available and the level of competition from a rival
settlement.
In general the larger the settlement the larger the sphere of influence.

It is based upon two main principles:

Threshold population- the minimum number of people needed to support a
settlement or service.
Range- the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a
particular service.

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Cities, estates and routing systems develop, change constantly and fundamentally
cannot be planned.

Claims to ownership, land and building regulations, planning decisions and

political interventions make it difficult for settlement structures to adapt to
constantly changing requirements to such an extent that meaningful and totally
ecological use of the surface of the earth is becoming increasingly difficult,
although new techniques and flexible planning models mean that a connection
could be found with the self-designing processes of urban-development history.

Plants are anchored in their location on the face of the earth, animals and human
beings have mobile territory and encampments that become static with increasing
density.

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Human settlements are organisms, but they are not hereditarily anchored in
their form like corals, sponges or beehives. They often grow and shrink at the
same time. Their form can almost never be called chaotic.

Typical self-formation processes lead to astonishing genetic optimisation in

the course of time. Processes of change have become so rapid today that
current urban-planning theories have been overtaken. But high effectiveness
of self-created, in other words unplanned settlements in terms of energy and
biology is totally achievable today in 'natural' town and transport planning and
leads to ecologically meaningful solutions that are also full of beauty.

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