Reclamation &

Remediation
FAHAD SUHAIB
SAMIA AHMED
ALI HASSAN SHAH
Reclamation
Reclamation

Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known

as land fill (not to be confused with a landfill), is the process of
creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land
reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill.
In a number of other jurisdictions, including parts of the United
States, the term "reclamation" can refer to returning disturbed lands
to an improved state. In Canada, reclamation is defined by the
provincial government as "The process of reconverting disturbed
land to its former or other productive uses. In Oceania it is
frequently referred to as land rehabilitation.
Types of Reclamation

Land Reclamation
Mine Reclamation
Water Reclamation
River Reclamation
Types of Reclamation
Mine Reclamation
Mine reclamation is the process of restoring
land that has been mined to a natural or
economically usable state.
Although the process of mine reclamation
occurs once mining is completed
Mine reclamation creates useful
landscapes that meet a variety of goals
ranging from the restoration of
productive ecosystems to the creation of
industrial and municipal resources
Water Reclamation
Reclaimed or recycled water is the process of
converting wastewater into water that can
be reused for other purposes
Reuse may include irrigation of gardens and
agricultural fields or replenishing surface
water and groundwater
Reused water may also be directed toward
fulfilling certain needs in residences,
businesses, and industry, and could even be
treated to reach drinking water standards
Types of Reclamation

River Reclamation
Stream restoration or river restoration, sometimes called river
reclamation describes a set of activities that help improve the
environmental health of a river or stream.
These activities aim to restore the natural state and functioning of
the river system in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood
management and landscape development
Improved health may be indicated by expanded habitat for
diverse species (e.g. fish, aquatic insects, other wildlife) and
reduced stream bank erosion
Methods of Reclamation

Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different

methods.
The most simple method involves simply filling the area with large
amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and
dirt until the desired height is reached.
The process is called "infilling and the material used to fill the
space is generically called "infill.
Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for
agricultural use.
Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the
material displaced by either dredging or draining may be
contaminated and hence needs to be contained.
Methods of Reclamation

Some Basic methods of Reclamation are as follow:

DRY METHOD
HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD
REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT
HYDRAULIC FILLING
SAND SPREADING
PUMPING INSIDE THE SPECIFIED AREAS
Purpose of Reclamation

The creation of new land was for the need of human activities.
Some of the basic needs of humans for which the land is aquired by
reclamation are as follows:

For Agricultural use

For setting up industries
For making housing colonies
For Parks, Golf Courses
Reclamation in different parts of the
World

The entire East Coast Park in Singapore was built on reclaimed land
with a man-made beach.
Reclamation in different parts of the
World

Reclaiming in Perth, Australia 1964

Reclamation in different parts of the
World

Land Reclamation in the Beirut Central District

Reclamation in different parts of the
World

The whole district

of Fontvieille, Monaco was
reclaimed from the sea
Environmental Impacts of
Reclamation

Draining wetlands for ploughing, for example, is

a form of habitat destruction.

In some parts of the world, new reclamation

projects are restricted or no longer allowed, due
to environmental protection laws
Dangers of Reclamation

Reclaimed land is highly susceptible to soil

liquefaction during earthquakes, which can amplify the
amount of damage that occurs to buildings and
infrastructure.

Subsidence is another issue, both from soil compaction on

filled land, and also when wetlands are enclosed
by levees and drained to create Polders. Drained marshes
will eventually sink below the surrounding water level,
increasing the danger from flooding.
Remediation
Remediation

The action of remedying something, in particular of reversing or

stopping environmental damage is called Remediation

Remedial action is generally subject to an array of regulatory

requirements

Can be based on assessments of

human health and ecological risks where no legislated standards
exist or where standards are advisory.
Types of Remediation

Environmental remediation deals with the removal

of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such
as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water
Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of
organisms to neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the
United States EPA, bioremediation is a "treatment that uses naturally occurring
organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic
substances".
Phytoremediation is the direct use of living green plants for in situ, or in place,
removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludges,
sediments, surface water and groundwater. Phytoremediation is: A low cost,
solar energy driven cleanup technique.
Methods of Remediation

In-SituRemediation
Ex-Situ Remediation
In-Situ Remediation

The treatment of contaminated soil or water in the site in which it was

found

In-Situ remediation of contaminated soil

The treatment of contaminated soil in the location where it was found can
be considered more convenient compared to ex-situ bioremediation. This
is because equipment is not needed to unearth the contaminated soil
leading it to be less expensive, and cleaner since it does not send dust and
contaminants into the surrounding area. Some disadvantages to this
method of bioremediation is that it may take longer to decontaminate, it is
less manageable and it is mostly effective in loose soil.
In-Situ Remediation

The most effective method of in-situ remediation is by

using aerobic procedures. These procedures both
supply oxygen to the soil in two different ways:

1. Bioventing

2. Injection of hydrogen peroxide

 Bioventing

Bioventing is the process of pumping oxygen into the soil anywhere above
the water table in the form of air.
Wells are injected into the contaminated soil, and air can be sucked or
blown through the wells.
The oxygen from the air is used by the micro-organisms. Nutrients may also
be pumped through the injection wells such as nitrogen and phosphorus to
increase the growth rate of the micro-organisms in the soil.
Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide

Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide is a process that is used only where

the water in the area is already contaminated.
This is because it involves injecting chemicals into the contaminated
ground and it could eventually leach into the ground water.
This process increases the speed of productivity of the micro-
organisms by distributing hydrogen peroxide throughout
contaminated soil.
The hydrogen peroxide is pumped using a series of pipes or a
sprinkler system to circulate to shallow contaminated areas of soil.
 Ex-Situ Remediation

The treatment of contaminates soil or water once it has been excavated or pumped out of the
location at which it was found
Ex-Situ bioremediation of contaminated soil

Although this technique for decontamination requires the removal of soil prior to the treatment, it can
be faster, easier to control and usually more able to treat a wider range of toxins and soils. Ex-situ
bioremediation can occur in two ways:

1. Slurry Phase Bioremediation

2. Solid-Phase Bioremediation
 Slurry Phase Remediation

Slurry Phase Bioremediation is a process where the contaminates soil is mixed with water and other
reagents in a large tank known as a bioreactor.

It is mixed in order to keep the micro-organisms in contact with the toxins present in the soil. Then
oxygen and nutrients are added into the mixing so the micro-organisms have an ideal
environment to break down the contaminants.

Once the process has been completed, the water is separated from the soil and the soil is tested
and replaced in the environment.

This particular process is comparatively fast compared to other bioremediation techniques.

 Solid-Phase Remediation

Solid-Phase Bioremediation is a process that treats the contaminates soil in an above-ground

treatment centre. Conditions inside the treatment areas are controlled to ensure optimum treatment
can take place. This type of treatment is easy to maintain , but it requires a lot of space and the
process of decontamination will take longer than it would by slurry-phase bioremediation. Solid-
phase soil treatments include

landfarming,
soil biopiles, and
composting.
Landfarming & Composting

Landfarming is a more simple process. The soil is spread out over a pad which
has a system that is used to collect any of the residual liquids from the soil
which may be toxic. The soil is turned over regularly to allow air to mix air in
with the excavated soil. In this environment, the micro-organisms present in the
soil are more able to break down the contaminants in the soil
Composting is a treatment where the waste is mixed in with straw, hay or corn
cobs to maximize the water levels and air levels which the micro-organisms
have access to. Composting can be done three ways:
1. Static Pile - where a pile of compost is aerated using vaccums or blowers.
2. Mechanically Agitated in-vessel composting - where the compost is put into
a treatment tank where it is turned around and mixed so it can be aerated.
3. Windrow Composting - where the compost is laid out in long piles where it
can be mixed by a tractor
Thank You!