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IN THIS LECTURE
All rocks that we now find must also have cooled to surface
conditions. Therefore, at what point on its cyclic P-T-t
path did its present mineral assemblage last equilibrate?
F=C-P+2 2
and therefore P C
1. P=C
This is the standard divariant situation in metamorphic
rocks
The rock probably represents an equilibrium mineral
assemblage from within a metamorphic zone
2. P<C
A situation that commonly arises in systems that display
solid solution.
Weve seen this already with the binary phase diagrams for
the albite-anorthite system
Albite-Anorthite Phase Diagram
The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems
If C has been determined for a particular rock then there are three
potential situations according to the phase rule
1. P = C
This is the standard divariant situation in metamorphic rocks
The rock probably represents an equilibrium mineral
assemblage from within a metamorphic zone
2. P < C
A situation that commonly arises in systems that display solid
solution.
Weve seen this already with the binary phase diagrams for
the albite-anorthite system
3. P > C
A more interesting situation, and at least one of three
situations must be responsible
The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems
1. F < 2
2. Equilibrium not attained
3. Choice of C not correct
The P-T phase diagram for the system Al2SiO5 calculated using the program
TWQ (Berman, 1988, 1990, 1991). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems
F = 1 and C = 1 again
The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems
At any point (other than on the univariant curve itself) we would expect
to find two phases, not one
P = brucite +
periclase below
the reaction curve
(if water is
limited), or
periclase + water
above the curve
The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems
How do you know which way is correct?
The rocks should tell you
The phase rule is an interpretive tool, not a predictive tool, and
does not tell the rocks how to behave
If you only see low-P assemblages (e.g. Per or Bru in the MgO-
H2O system), then some components may be mobile
If you often observe assemblages that have many phases in an
area (e.g. periclase + brucite), it is unlikely that so much of the
area is right on a univariant curve, and may require the number
of components to include otherwise mobile phases, such as H2O
or CO2, in order to apply the phase rule correctly
Metamorphism of Pelites
IN THIS LECTURE
Types of Protoliths
Examples of Metamorphism
Orogenic Metamorphism of the Scottish Highlands
Barrovian vs Buchan Style Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism Otago New Zealand
Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
Types of Protolith
Barrows
Area
Orogenic Regional Metamorphism of
the Scottish Highlands
Barrow studied the pelitic rocks
Could subdivide the area into a series of metamorphic
zones, each based on the appearance of a new mineral as
metamorphic grade increased
Orogenic Regional Metamorphism of
the Scottish Highlands
The sequence of zones now recognized, and the typical metamorphic
mineral assemblage in each, are:
1. Chlorite zone. Pelitic rocks are slates or phyllites and typically contain
chlorite, muscovite, quartz and albite
2. Biotite zone. Slates give way to phyllites and schists, with biotite,
chlorite, muscovite, quartz, and albite
3. Garnet zone. Schists with conspicuous red almandine garnet, usually with
biotite, chlorite, muscovite, quartz, and albite or oligoclase
4. Staurolite zone. Schists with staurolite, biotite, muscovite, quartz,
garnet, and plagioclase. Some chlorite may persist
5. Kyanite zone. Schists with kyanite, biotite, muscovite, quartz,
plagioclase, and usually garnet and staurolite
6. Sillimanite zone. Schists and gneisses with sillimanite, biotite, muscovite,
quartz, plagioclase, garnet, and perhaps staurolite. Some kyanite may
also be present (although kyanite and sillimanite are both polymorphs of
Al2SiO5)
Barrovian Metamorphism of Pelites
The P-T phase diagram for the system Al2SiO5 showing the stability fields for the three polymorphs
andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite. Also shown is the hydration of Al2SiO5 to pyrophyllite, which limits
the occurrence of an Al2SiO5 polymorph at low grades in the presence of excess silica and water. The
diagram was calculated using the program TWQ (Berman, 1988, 1990, 1991).
Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic
Rocks in the Skiddaw Aureole, UK
Cordierite-andalusite
slate from the
middle zone of the
1 mm
Skiddaw aureole.
From Mason (1978)
Petrology of the
Metamorphic Rocks.
George Allen &
Unwin. London.
Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic
Rocks in the Skiddaw Aureole, UK
Inner zone:
Thoroughly recrystallized
Lose foliation
1 mm
Andalusite-cordierite schist
from the inner zone of the
Skiddaw aureole. Note the
chiastolite cross in andalusite
(see also Figure 22-49). From
Mason (1978) Petrology of the
Metamorphic Rocks. George
Allen & Unwin. London.
Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic
Rocks in the Skiddaw Aureole, UK
The zones determined on a textural basis
Better to use the sequential appearance of minerals
and isograds to define the zones
But low-P isograds converge in P-T
Skiddaw sequence of mineral development with grade
is difficult to determine accurately
Pelites in Southern Africa
Barberton Granite-Greenstone Belt, Mpumalanga
Damara Orogen, Namibia
Contact metamorphism associated with Bushveld
Complex, Limpopo Province