Kuliah 18 -11-2014

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tekanan yang kecil dengan akurat
 HYDROSTATICS
The term Hydrostatics means the study of pressure, exerted by a liquid
at rest. It has been observed that the direction of such a pressure is
always at right angles to the surface, on which it acts.

TOTAL PRESSURE
The total pressure, on an immersed surface, may be defined as
the total pressure exerted by the liquid on it.
Matematically :P = p1a1 + p2a2 + p3a3 + .
P = Total pressure
P1; p2; p3;. = Intensities of pressure on different strips of the
surface, and
A1; a2; a3; = Area of the corresponding strips.
 TOTAL PRESSURE ON A HORIZONTAL IMMERSED SURFACE

Surface liquid

Let : w = sp weigt of the liquid

x A = Area of the immersed surface in m2
x = Depth of the horizontal surface from the
liquid level in metres.

Fig.1. Horizontally immersed surface

P = Weight of the liquid above the immersed surface.

= Sp. Wt. of liquid x Volume of liquid.
= Sp. Wt. of liquid x Area of surface x Depth of liquid
= w.A.x kg P = w.A.x kN (SI units)

Example
A rectangular tank 5 metres long 2 metres wide contains water up to a depth
of 2,5 metres. Calculate the pressure on the base of the tank.
Solution :
Given : l = 5 m ; b = 2 m; and x = 2,5 m,and Let : P = ?
P = w . A . x = 1000 x 2 x 5 x 2,5 = 25000 kg = 25 ton
 TOTAL PRESSURE ON A VERTICALLY IMMERSED SURFACE

Liquid Surface
Let : w = Sp. Wt. of the liquid
x1
b A = Area of the surface,
x
dx x = Depth of centre of gravity of the
immersed surface from the liquid
surface.
The intensity of pressure on the strip = w.x1
Area of the strip = b.dx
Pressure on the strip p = intensity of pressure x Area
= w.x1.b.dx
Fig.2. Vertically immersed surface

Now total pressure on the surface

P= w.x1.b.dx = w x1.b.dx
x1.b.dx = Moment of the surface area about the liquid level
= A.x
P = w.A.x
 Example
A circular door of 1,0 m diameter closes an opening in the vertical side of
bulkhead, wich retains sea water.The centre of the opening is at depth of 2,0
m from the water level. Determine the total pressura on the door. Take
specific gravity of sea water as 1,03.
Surface liquid
Solution
1,0 m
Given d = 1,0 m; x = 2,0 m; Sp. gr = 1,03; and Let
2,0 m
P=?
Sp wt of sea water w = 9,81. 1.03 = 10,1 kN/m3
Area A = 0,785. (1.0)2 = 0,7854 m2
P = w.A.x = 10,1. 0,785. 2,0 = 15,865 kN
CENTRE OF PRESSURE

As the pressure is greater over the lower portion of the figure, therefore the
resultant pressure, on an immersed surface and towards the lower edge of
the figure. The point, through which this resultant pressure acts, is known as
centre of pressure.
Liquid surface
Let : w = Sp wt of the liquid
A = Area of the surface
b
X = Depth of centre of gravity of the
dx immersed surface from the liquid
x surface.
h
b = width
dx = a strp of thickness
G The intensity of pressure on strp = w.x
Area of the strip = b.dx.
P Pressure on the strp :
p = intensity of pressure x Area.
= w.x.b.dx
Moment of this pressure about the liquid
surface = (w.x.b.dx).x
Now the sum of moments of all such pressure about the liquid surface

M= w.x 2.b.dx =w .x
2.b.dx

.x2.b.dx = Io = Moment of inertia of the surface about the liquid level, or

secong moment of area.
So : M = w.Io
We know that the sum of the moments of the pressure is also equal to P.h
Where : P = Total pressure on the surface
h = Depth of centre of pressure from the liquid surface.
Now equation : P.h = w.Io
w..A.x.h =w.Io
h = Io/A.x
From the theorem of parallel axis that
Io = IG + Ah2
IG = Moment of inertia of the figure, about horizontal axis through its centre of
gravity, and
h = Distance between the liquid surface and the centre of gravity of the figure
(x in this case).
h = IG + A.x2/Ax
h = IG/Ax + x
Thus the centre of pressure is always below the centre of gravity of the area by
a distance equal to IG/Ax.
Example
A rectangular sluice gate is situated on the vertical wall of a lock. The
vertical side of the sluice is (d) metres in length and depth of centroid of the
area is (p) metres below the water surface. Prove that the depth of pressure
is equal to (p + d2/12p)
Solution
Depth of the sluice = d
Depth of centroid of the area :
p h=?
X=p
Let width of the sluice = b
G d
Area A = b.d
Let : h = ?
P
IG = bd3/12
h = IG/Ax + x
b
= (bd3/12)/(bd.p) + p
= {bd (d2/12)}/(bd.p) + p
= p + (d2/12p)
 TAKE HOME 1
Hasil percobaan secara simulasi (tentatif), sebuah pelat segi empat panjang 4 m
dan lebar 6 m dimasukkan ke dalam berbagai liquid dengan posisi vertikal,
dengan kedalaman yang sama dan bervariasi. Data diperoleh seperti pada Tabel
1 di bawah ini.
Liquid Sp. Gr Kedalaman (m) P (Kg) Kedalaman P (Kg)
(m)
Water 0,99 4m .. 5m
Glyserin 1,26 4m .. 6m
Karosene 0,80 4m .. 7m
Castrol Oil 0,96 4m .. 8m
Ethyl Alkhohol 0,79 4m .. 9m
Mercurry 13,55 4m .. 10 m

Berdasarkan data tersebut, hitunglah masing-masing besar gaya yang bekerja

pada pelat tersebut, dan gambarkan grafiknya, serta buat analisis dan
simpulannya.
 TAKE HOME 2
Hasil percobaan, pada sebuah tangki berdiameter 5 m diisi dengan fluida air,
dengan ketinggian bervariasi, sesuai dengan hasil simulasi yang saudara
lakukan. (tentukan sendiri kedalamannya) Data diisikan pada Tabel 1 di bawah
ini.

Liquid Sp. Gr Kedalaman (m) P (Kg)

Water 1.0 ..
Water 1.0 ..
Water 1.0 ..
Water 1.0 ..
Water 1.0 ..
Water 1.0 ..

Berdasarkan data tersebut, hitunglah masing-masing besar gaya yang bekerja

pada dasar tangki tersebut, dan gambarkan grafiknya, serta buat analisis dan
simpulannya.
S.No NAME OF FIGURE C.G FROM THE BASE I ABOUT AN AXIS PASSING I ABOUT
THROUGH C.G AND PARALLEL BASE
TO BASE
1

X = h/3 bh3/36 bh3/12

G h
x
b
2
b
X = 2h/3 bh3/36 bh3/12
h
x

3 b
x
G d X = d/2 bd3/12 bd3/3

d X = d/2 /64 . d4 --
x
 Exercises
(Take Home)
1. A square plate of 1 metre side is immersed vertically in water , in such a
way, taht its centre is 4 m below the water surface. Find the total pressure
and the position of centre of pressure,

2. A vertical circular plate of 1,2 m diameter is immersed in water, such that

its centre is 3 m below the water surface. Find the total pressure on the
plate.

3. A rectangular plate 3 m long and 1 m wide is immersed vertically in water

in such a way taht its 3 m side is parallel to the water surface and its 1 m
below it. Find the total pressure on the plate and the position of centre of
pressure.
 TOTAL PRESSURE ON AN INCLINED IMMERSED SURFACE

Liquid Surfe
Let us consider :
O Liquid Surface dx = strip of tickness
b = width
l = distance from O ( A point ,
X on the liquid surface , where the
immersed surface will meet.
w = Sp Weight of the liquid
A = Area of the surface
l G X = depth of centre or gravity of
x
the immersed surface from the
liquid surface
Q = angle at which the
immersed surface is inclined
b
with the liquid surface.
Let us consider a strip of thickness dx width b and at a
distance l from O (a point, on the liquid surface, wherw the
immersed surface will meet, if produced).
The intencity of pressur on the strip = w.l.sin
Area of the strip = b.dx
Pressure on the strip p = w.l sin b.dx
Now total pressure on the surface P = w.l sin b.dx
P = w sin l. b.dx
But : l. b.dx = moment of the surface area about O
l. b.dx = (Ax/sin )
P = w.Sin .(Ax/Sin ) = w.A.x
P = w.A.x
 EXAMPLE
o
A horizontal passage 40 cm x 40 cm
60
has its outlet covered by plane flap
40 cm
inclined at with the horizontal and is
Water surface hinged along the upper horizontal
p edge of the passage. If the depth of
10 cm
p the flowing water is 10 cm in
passage, determine the thrust on the
gate.
SOLUTION
Given : Width the passage l = 40 cm
Depth of the passage = 40 cm O
Inclination of the flap = 60
Depth of c.g. of wetted = 5 cm
So : A = 40 x 10 Cossec 60O
= 400 x 1x 1,547 = 461,88
P = w. A. x = 1 x 461,88 x 10/2 = 2394,0 gm
P = 2,3940 kg.
Liquid Surface
APPLICATIONS OF HYDROSTATICS
A
PERESSURE DUE TO ONE KIND OF
LIQUID ON ONE SIDE
h Consider a vertical wall subjected to
H pressure due to one kind of liquid on
P one of its sides as shown in Fig.1
Let :
B c H = height of liquid.
W = specific weight of the liquid.
Fig. 1 wH
P = Total pressure on the wall per unit
length.

The pressure on the wall is zero at the liquid surface, and will increase
by a straight line law to w.H. at the bottom.
Therefore the pressure diagram will be a triangle ABC as shown in
Fig. 1.
2
P = Area of Triangle ABC = .H.w.H. = w.H./2

P = ( w. H 2 )
PRERSSURE DUE TO ONE KIND OF LIQUID OVER ANOTHER ON ONE SIDE

Consider a vertical wall,

A
subjected to pressure due to
H1
1 P1 one kind of liquid, over
D E
another on one side as shown
2 H2 P2 in Fig.2. A little consideration
P3
B F C
will show that this will happen,
Fig. 2 w1H1 w2H2 when one liquid is in soluble
into the other.
Let :H1 = height of liquid 1
W1 = specific weight of liquid 1
H2 = height of liquid 2
W2 = specific weight of liquid 2
P = total pressure on the wall per unit length.
We know that the pressure in such a case is zero at the
liquid surface, and will increase by a straight line law to
w1.H1 up to a depth of H1. It will further increase, by a
straight line law, to w1.H1 + w2.H2 as shown in Fig.2
The pressure P1 on the surface AD due to liquid 1, may be
found out, as usual, from the area of triangle ADE
(i.e. P1 = (w1.H1 2)
The pressure on the surface DB will consist of pressure P2
due to superimposed liquid 1, as well as pressure P3 due to
liquid 2. This pressure will be given by the area of the
trapezium BCED (i.e. area of rectangle DBEF due to
superimposed liquid i.e. P2 = w1.H1.H2 and the area of
2
triangle FCE due to liquid 2 ( i.e. P3 = (w2.H2).
The total pressure wil be sum of these three pressures
(i.e. P = P1 + P2 + P3).
The line of action of the total pressureb may be found out by
equation the moment of P, P1, P2 and P3 about A.
2
 A
Example
Find the magnitude and line of action
of the resultant force exerted upon
Sp gr 1 50 cm the side of a box tank, which is 50
P1
D E cm square and 1 metre deep. The
box tank is filled full with a liquid
Sp gr 2 50 cm P2 having specific gravity of 2, while the
P3 remainder is filled with a liquid
C having a specific gravity of 1.
B F
Fig. 3 500 1000

SOLUTION
Side of the square tank = 50 cm = 0,5 m
Depth of the tank = 1 m
Depth of the liquid of sp gr 2 (H2) = 0,5 m
Depth of the liquid of sp gr 1 (H1) = 0,5 m
The pressure diagram on one side of the tank is shown in Fig.3.
Magnitude of the resultant force
DE = BF = w1.H1 = (1 x 1000) kg/m3 x 0,5 m = 500 kg/m2
Total pressure up to D due to liquid of sp gr. 1
P1 = Area of triangle ADE x length of the tank wall.
P1 = (1/2 x 500 x 0,5) x 0,5 = 62,5 kg
The total pressure up to B due to liquid of sp. gr. 1
P2 = Area of rectangle BDFE x Length of the tank wall.
P2 = (500 x 0,5) x 0,5 = 125,0 kg.
Pressure at B due to liquid of sp. gr. 2
FC = w2.H2 = (2 x 1000) kg/m3x 0,5 m= 1000 kg/m2
Total pressure up to B due to liquid of sp. gr 2.
P3 = Area of trianle EFC x Length of the tank wall.
P3 = (1/2 x 1000 x 0,5) x 0,5 = 125 kg.
Resultant Pressure
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 62,5 + 125,0 + 125,0 = 312,5 kg
P = 312,5 kg.
LINE OF ACTION OF THE RESULTANT FORCE
Let : h = Dept of the line of action of the resultant pressure from A
Taking moments of all the pressure about A, and equating the same
P x h = [P1 x (2 x 0,5)/3] + [P2 X (0,5 + 0,5/2)] + [P3 X (0,5 + 2.0,5/3)]
312,5 X h = (62,5 x 1/3) + (125 x 0,75) + (125 x 0,8) = 218,75
218,75
h= = 0,7 m
312,5
Problem
Petrol A
(1). A bulkhead 3 m long
Oil
D divides a storage tank as
1,8 m
shown in Fig. 1. Sp gr petrol
P1
P2
0,9 m
0,78 and Sp gr oil 0,88.
0,6 m
0,3 m Determine the resultant
B C E pressure on the bulkhead, and
Fig.1 w2H2
w1H1
the position at which it acts.
A

0,6 m Sp gr 0,8 (2). Find the magnitude and

Oil P1
D E line of action of the resultant
Sp gr 1,3 P2
force exerted upon the side
1,0 m
Sea water
P3 of a box tank, as shown in
B
480 1300
C
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2