An Overview On FACTS and Power Quality Issues: Technical Challenges, Research Opportunities and Cost Considerations.

2
2
10 5 0 5 10
"An Overview on FACTS and Power Quality Issues:

Technical Challenges, Research Opportunities
and Cost Considerations."
Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE
CALVIN COLLEGE
Engineering Department
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro_WEBPAGE/
PRIBEIRO@CALVIN.EDU
P. Ribeiro June, 2002

1
FACTS
The Concept
History / Background - Origin of FACTS, Opportunities, Trends
System Architectures and Limitations
Power Flow Control on AC Systems
Application Studies and Implementation
Basic Switching Devices
Systems Studies
AC Transmission Fundamentals
Voltage Source vs. Current Source
Voltage Sources
Static Var Compensator (SVC), STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC, SMES
System Studies (by EMTP, ATP, Saber, EDSA, EMTDC)
Systems Integration, Specification, Cost Considerations and Technology Trends
Impact of FACTS in interconnected networks
Market Assessment, Deregulation and Predictions

2
Power Quality
Objectives - Motivation - Background
Limitation of Traditional Tools
Advanced Techniques:
Wavelet Theory Making Waves
Expert Systems To Sag or Not to Sag: This is The ?
Fuzzy Logic Not Really a Harmonic Distortion
Neural Networks Remembering Wave Signatures
Genetic Algorithms Evolutionary Distortions
Combining Techniques Power Quality Diagnostic System
Power Electronics Implementing Advanced Power
Concepts
3
The reason, therefore, that some intuitive minds are not mathematical is that they
cannot at all turn their attention to the principles of mathematics. But the reason
that mathematicians are not intuitive is that they do not see what is before them,
and that, accustomed to the exact and plain principles of mathematics, and not
reasoning till they have well inspected and arranged their principles, they are
lost in matters of intuition where the principles do not allow of such
arrangement. They are scarcely seen; they are felt rather than seen; there is the
greatest difficulty in making them felt by those who do not of themselves perceive
them. These principles are so fine and so numerous that a very delicate and very
clear sense is needed to perceive them, and to judge rightly and justly when they
are perceived, without for the most part being able to demonstrate them in order
as in mathematics, because the principles are not known to us in the same way,
and because it would be an endless matter to undertake it. We must see the matter
at once, at one glance, and not by a process of reasoning, at least to a certain
degree.
1660 PENSEES by Blaise Pascal

4
The Concept
X V
P P P P
X V tg

5
The Concept
A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But in practice the
system has the following constraints:
-Transmission stability limits
-Voltage limits
-Loop flows
Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmission system can
ride through major faults in the system with its power transmission capability intact.
Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system voltage can be kept within
permitted deviations from nominal. Voltage is governed by reactive power (Q). Q in its turn
depends of the physical length of the transmission circuit as well as from the flow of active
power. The longer the line and/or the heavier the flow of active power, the stronger will be the
flow of reactive power, as a consequence of which the voltage will drop, until, at some critical
level, the voltage collapses altogether.
Loop flows can be a problem as they are governed by the laws of nature which may not be
coincident with the contracted path. This means that power which is to be sent from point A to
point B in a grid will not necessarily take the shortest, direct route, but will go uncontrolled
and fan out to take unwanted paths available
P. Ribeiro
in the grid.
June, 2002
6
The Concept
FACTS devices
FACTS are designed to remove such constraints and to meet planners, investors and operators goals
without their having to undertake major system additions. This offers ways of attaining an increase of
power transmission capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability, minimum
transmission losses, and minimum environmental impact. Plus, of course, at minimum investment cost
and time expenditure.
The term FACTS covers several power electronics based systems used for AC power transmission.
Given the nature of power electronics equipment, FACTS solutions will be particularly justifiable in
applications requiring one or more of the following qualities:
-Rapid dynamic response
-Ability for frequent variations in output
-Smoothly adjustable output.
Important applications in power transmission involving FACTS and Power Quality devices:
SVC (Static Var Compensators), Fixed * as well as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and
Statcom. Still others are PST (Phase-shifting Transformers), IPC (Interphase Power Controllers), UPFC
(Universal Power Flow Controllers), and DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers).
7
History, Concepts, Background, and Issues
Origin of FACTS
-Oil Embargo of 1974 and 1979
-Environmental Movement
-Magnetic Field Concerns
-Permit to build new transmission lines
-HVDC and SVCs
-EPRI FACTS Initiative (1988)
-Increase AC Power Transfer (GE and DOE Papers)
-The Need for Power semiconductors
Why we need transmission interconnection

-Pool power plants and load centers to minimize generation cost
-Important in a deregulated environment
Opportunities for FACTS
Increase power transfer capacity
SVC (Nebraska GE 1974, Minnesota Westinghouse 1975, Brazil Siemens 1985)
TCSC, UPFC AEP 1999
Trends
-Generation is not being built
-Power sales/purchases are being
8
System Architecture
Radial, interconnected areas, complex network
Power Flow in an AC System
Power Flow in Parallel and Meshed Paths
Transmission Limitations
Steady-State (angular stability, thermal limits, voltage limits)
Stability Issues (transient, dynamic, voltage and SSR)
System Issues (Post contingency conditions, loop flows, short-circuit levels)
Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations
Controllable Parameters
Basic FACTS Devices - Impact of Energy Storage

9
The relative importance of transmission interconnection

Interconnections in a European type system are not very important because the system is built by
providing generation close to the loads and therefore, transmission is mainly for emergency
conditions.
In the US,very large power plants far from the load centers were built to bring "coal or water by
wire". Large plants provided the best solution - economy of scale. Also, seasonal power exchanges
have been used to the economic advantage of the consumers.
Newer generation technologies favor smaller plants which can be located close to the loads and
therefore, reduces the need for transmission. Also, if distributed generation takes off, then generation
will be much closer to the loads which would lessen the need for transmission even further.
However, for major market players, once the plant is built, the transmission system is the only way to
bring power to the consumer that is willing to pay the most for the power. That is, without
transmission, we will not get a well functioning competitive market for power.

10
Radial
Parallel
Meshed
Power Flow in Parallel Paths

Power Flow in a Meshed Systems
What limits the loading capability?
Power Flow and Dynamic Considerations
11
50% Series Compensation
Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters
Control of X can provide current control

When angle is large X can provide power control
Injecting voltage in series and perpendicular to the current flow, can increase or
decrease
12
FACTS Applications and Implementations
Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement
Steady State Dynamic

Issues Traditional Solutions Issues
Voltage Limits Breaking Advanced Solutions Transient Stability
Thermal Limits Resistors Load Damping Power Swings
Angular Stability Limits FACTS
Loop Flows
Shedding Post-Contingency Voltage
Control
Fixed Energy Storage Voltage Stability
Compensation Subsynchronous Res.
Line Enhanced
Transmission Power Transfer
Reconfiguration
Link and Stability
Better
Protection SVC
FACTS STATCOM
Increased TCSC, SSSC
Devices UPFC
Inertia
13
FACTS Devices
Shunt Connected
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Generator - SSG
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Energy Storage
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected

Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC)
Thyristor Controlled Phase-Shifting Transformer or
Phase Angle Regulator (PAR)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers

Energy Storage
Shunt, Shunt-Serie
14
Power Electronics - Semiconductor Devices
Diodes
Transistors
IGBT
Thyristors
SCR, GTO, MTO, ETO, GCT, IGCT, MCT
Devices
Diode (pn Junction)
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) GE
MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) SPCO
Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor (ETO) Virginia Tech
Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Mitsubishi, ABB
MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) Victor Temple
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
15
Principal Characteristics
Voltage and Current
Losses and Speed of Switching
Speed of Switching
Switching Losses
Gate-driver power and energy requirements
Parameter Trade-off
Power requirements for the gate
di/dt and dv/dt capability
turn-on and turn-off time
Uniformity
Quality of silicon wafers
IGBT has pushed out the conventional GTO as IGBTs ratings go up.
IGBTs - Low-switching losses, fast switching, current-limiting capability
GTOs - large gate-drive requirements, slow-switching, high-switching losses
IGBTs (higher forward voltage drop)
16
Decision-Making Matrix
System
VSI CSI
Commutation Forced
Approach Natural
Switching
Technology Synchronous PWM
Transition
Approach Hard Soft
Circuit
Topology Two-Level Multi-Level
Device
Type SCR GTO IGBT MCT MTO

17
Planing Studies
Evaluate the technical and economic benefits of a range of FACTS alternative solutions which may allow
enhancement of power transfer across weak transmission links. Part I of this effort should concentrate on
preliminary feasibility studies to assess the technical merits of alternative solutions to correct real and
reactive power transfer ratings, system voltage profiles, operational effects on the network, equipment
configurations, etc.
A - Load flow studies will be performed to establish steady-state ratings, and identify the appropriate
locations for connection of alternative compensation devices. Load flow studies will be used to address
the following:
System Criteria (maximum steady-state power transfers, short-term operating limits, etc.)
Controller Enhancements (controller types, ratings, sensitivities, etc.)
Controller Losses (based on operating points and duration)
System Losses (system losses base on controller operating point and duration)
Overvoltsages ((steady-state and short-term voltage insulation requirements)
Compare technical and economic benefits of alternatives
Identify interconnection points
Identify critical system contingencies
Establish power transfer capability of the transmission system
Confirm that reliability criteria can be met
Identify the cost of capital of equipment and losses
Identify steady-state and dynamic characteristics of FACTS controllers
Stability Studies
18
IEEE
Identify
Transmission
System Studies Systems -
Provide System
data and
Configuration
System
Outages Perform Load operat.
and load Flow limits
System data transfer (P,Q, V, q)
and
configuration
Identify and Size

Outages Load Flow System
Transfer
and load (P,Q, V, q) operat.
Enhancement
transfer limits
Solutions
Generato Induction Devices
r data motor
data
Voltage Fault Perform

Transient data Economic
Reg.
Stability Analysis
Data
(P,Q, V, q, time)
(AVR) System
Governor
data changes
Relay Load
Dynamic Shedding
data
Stability
(P,Q, V, q, w,
IEEE time)

19
AC Transmission Fundamentals E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
X
E2 . sin()
(E1 - E2 . cos()
E1
E2 . cos() E1 - E2
P1 = E1 . Ip1
E1 . sin ()
Ip1 = E2 sin() / X
E1 . Cos () E2
Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos() / X (E2 - E1 . cos()

20
AC Transmission Fundamentals
Active component of the current flow at E1
Ip1 = (E2 . sin ()) / X
Reactive component of the current flow at E1
Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos ())/X
Active Power at the E1 end
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X
Reactive Power at the E1 end
Q1 = E1(E1 - E2 . cos ()) / X

21
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage - Shunt Control)
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
P1 = k1.E1 (E2 . sin (/k2))/X

Q/V
E1
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X

E1 - E2
E2
Regulating end bus voltage mostly change reactive power - Compensating at an intermediate
point between buses can significantly impact power flow
22
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage-Series Injection)
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
Vinj
Injected Voltage
E1
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin () / (X - Vinj / I)
E1 - E2
E2
Injecting Voltage in series with the line mostly change real power
23
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Series Compensation)
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
X
Changes in X will increase or decrease real power flow for a fixed angle or change angle for a fixed power flow.
Alternatively, the reactive power flow will change with the change of X. Adjustments on the bus voltage have
little impact on the real power flow. Vc Vx I
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin () / (X - Xc)
Vr
Vs Vseff = Vs + Vc
Real Power Angle Curve Xeff = X - Xc

2
2
Vx
Vc
P1( x delta V1) 1
Vxo Vr
Vs
Vseff I
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 delta 3.14
Phase Angle
24
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage-Series and Shunt Comp.)
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
P
Injected Voltage
E1
E1 - E2
E2
Integrated voltage series injection and bus voltage regulation (unified) will
directly increase or decrease real and reactive power flow.
25
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Stability Margin)
Improvement of Transient Stability With FACTS Compensation
Equal Area Criteria
Q/V
with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint)
Amargin
A2
no compensation
A1
1 - prior to fault
A1 = Acceleration Energy
1 2 3 crit Phase Angle 2 - fault cleared
A2 = Deceleration Energy
Therefore, FACTS compensation can increase 3 - equal area
3 >crit - loss of synchronism
power transfer without reducing the stability margin
26
Voltage Source Vs. Current Source Converters
CSC Adv/Dis VSC Adv/Dis
Device Type Thyristor Thyristor

Self-Commutation Self-Commutation
Device Symmetrical Asymmetrical +

Characteristic
Symmetry
Short-Circuit Lower + Higher

Current
Rate of Rise of Limited by DC Reactor + Fast Rise (Due to

Fault Current capacitor discharge)
Losses Higher - Lower +
AC Capacitors Required Not Required +
DC Capacitors Not Required + Required
Valves dv/dt Lower + Higher

(AC Capacitors)
Interface with AC More Complex Less Complex +
System
Reactive Power Depends on Current Independent of +

Generation Flowing through Energy Storage
Energy Storage
Performance
Harmonics AC capacitors may -

produce resonances
near the characteristic
harmonics may cause
overvoltages on valves
and transformer.

27
Voltage Source Converters
S hun tC om p en sa toi n S e r ies C om p en sa toi n

V
S ys etm bu s
V V
S ys etm bu s
C oup lni g C oup lni g

T ran s of m
r er T ran s of m
r er
I I
T ran s of mr e r el a kage T ran s of mr e r el a kage
X ni du c at n ce
X ni du c at n ce
Vo Vo
DC A-C DC A-C
Sw itch ni g Sw itch ni g
C on ve r te r C on ve r te r
Cs Cs
+ +
V dc V dc
28
Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

di c
ai Ta 1 D a 1 Tb 1 D b1 T c1 D c1 V dc
ea
2
bi + V dc
H y po the tci a l
eb Cs
n eu tra lp o ni t
ci
ec V dc
Ta 2 D a 2 Tb 2 D b2 T c2 D c2 2
ea Vdc
eb Vdc
ec Vdc
eab
[a ]
ebc
eca
D Ta2
ia a1
P. Ribeiro Ta1 D Tb2 June, 2002
D a2 29
ib b1
Tb1 D D T c2 [b ]
ic c1 b2
2, 3, 5-level, VSC Waveforms
vd c +
vd c v dc
2 + 2
e ou t
vd c vd c
2 2
+
v dc
2 v dc
v dc
N eu tra l e ou t
m( di -) po ni t
+
vd c 1
+
v dc 2
+ v dc
N e u t ra l
m( di -) p o ni t e ou t
- v dc
+ +
vd c v dc

30
Voltage-Source Converter Bridges
voa voavobvo c voavobvo c
vdc vdc Vdc Vdc
C C C C /2 C /2
S ni g el -pha se , T h ree -pha se , w t o -el ve l T h ree -pha se , ht ree -el ve l

w
t o -el ve lH -b rdi ge s xi -pu sl e b rdi ge 12 -pu sl e b rdi ge

31
Output voltage control of a two-level VSC
v =V 0
iwt
v= V s n io
wt v o= V o ( )
*
wt
= *
i w tw t
v oF ( )= V (+ ) s n
v o ( ) (v+ v )d c
v d c nom ni a l
v o ( ) (v - v )d c
vdc
wt
C idc
v d c= 1 i d c d t
v oF ( )= V (+ ) s n
iwt C
i d c = f
32
Output voltage control of a three-level VSC
iwt
v= V s n v =V 0
io
v o= V o ( )
wt
= * wt
(< < ) wt
v om ax vo v oF = f ( , )= s n
i (w t - )
V d c= con s t Vdc Vdc
wt
C /2 C /2
m ax = 2
3
33
S ys et m B u sb a r Multi-pulse VSC with
wave-forming magnetic circuits
C o u p lni g
T ra n s of m
r er
M agne t ci s tru c tu re
fo rm u lt i-pu sl e w a ve fo m
r syn the s si
C on ve r te r 1 C on ve r te r 2 C on ve r te r n
138 kV B u s
C oup ln ig
T ran s fo m
r er
In te r fa ce M agne t c
is

34
FACTS Technology - Possible Benefits
Control of power flow as ordered. Increase the loading capability of lines to their
thermal capabilities, including short term and seasonal.
Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit, limiting
short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and
damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems and machines.
Provide secure tie lines connections to neighboring utilities and regions thereby
decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides.
Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.
Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more active power.
Reduce loop flows.
Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

35
FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions
HVDC
Independent frequency and control
Lower line costs
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
FACTS
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
Installed Costs (millions of dollars)
Throughput MW HVDC 2 Terminals FACTS
2000 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M

500 MW $ 75-100M $ 10-20M
1000 MW $120-170M $ 20-30M
2000 MW $200-300M $ 30-50M
(*)Hingorani/Gyugyi

36
FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions
HVDC Projects: Applications
Submarine cable
Long distance overhead transmission
Underground Transmission
Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible frequencies
Large market potential for FACTS is within the ac system on a value-added basis, where:
The existing steady-state phase angle between bus nodes is reasonable
The cost of a FACTS device solution is lower than HVDC or other alternatives
The required FACTS controller capacity is less than 100% of the transmission throughput rating

37
FACTS Attributes for Different Controllers
FACTS Controller Control Attributes
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, voltage
(STATCOM without storage) stability
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
(STATCOM with storage, BESS, SMES, and dynamic stability, voltage stability, AGC
large dc capacitor)
Static VAR Compensator (SVC, TCR, Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
TCS, TRS and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor Damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability
(TCBR)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC without storage) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC with storage) voltage stability
Thrystor-Controlled Series Capacitor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSC, TSSC) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSR, TSSR) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Phase-Shifting Active power control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic
Transformer (TCPST or TCPR) stability, voltage stability
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Active and reactive power control, voltage control, VAR
compensation, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Limiter Transient and dynamic voltage limit
(TCVL)
Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
(TCVR) transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability

38
FACTS Implementation - STATCOM
E1 / 1 I P&Q E2 / 2
Regulating Bus Voltage

Can Affect Power Flow Indirectly / Dynamically
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X

39
FACTS Implementation - TCSC
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
Line Impedance Compensation

Can Control Power Flow Continuously P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff
Xeff = X- Xc
The alternative solutions need to be distributed; often series compensation has to be installed in several places along a line but many of the
other alternatives would put both voltage support and power flow control in the same location. This may not be useful. For instance, if
voltage support were needed at the midpoint of a line, an IPFC would not be very useful at that spot. TCSC for damping oscillations ...
40
Breaker
X
MOV
TCSC TCSC TCSC TCSC TCSC

#2 #3 #4 #5 #6
TCSC module #1
Slatt TCSC

41
Damping Damping
Circuit Circuit
Breaker
X X
Breaker
MOV
MOV MOV
40 55
TCSC 15 to 60
Kayenta TCSC
42
FACTS Implementation - SSSC
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff
Xeff = X - Vinj/I

43
FACTS Implementation - UPFC
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting Voltage

In Series With the Line
Can Control Power Flow
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff

Xeff = X - Vinj / I
Q1 = E1(E2 - E2 . cos ()) / X
44
FACTS Implementation - UPFC
Series Transformer
Shunt Inverter Series

Inverter
Shunt
Transforme
r
Unified Power Flow Controller

45
FACTS Implementation - STATCOM + Energy Storage
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
Regulating Bus Voltage Plus Energy Storage

Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
Plus Energy Storage

46
FACTS Implementation - SSSC + Energy Storage
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
Voltage Injection in Series Plus Energy Storage

Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
and sustain operation under fault conditions
Plus Energy Storage

47
FACTS Implementation - UPFC + Energy Storage
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
X
Regulating Bus Voltage + Injected

Voltage + Energy Storage
Can Control Power Flow Continuously,
Plus Energy Storage
and Support Operation Under Severe
Fault Conditions (enhanced performance)

48
Series
Inverter 1000
F
Shunt
Inverter 1000
F
1000
F
1000
F SMES Chopper
and Coil
Unified Power Flow Controller - SMES Interface

49
MOV
UPFC
Grounding
SMES Chopper and Coil - Overvoltage Protection

50
FACTS Implementation - TCSC + STACOM + Energy Storage
Regulating Bus Voltage + Energy

Storage + Line Impedance Compensation
Can Control Power Flow Continuously,
and Support Operation Under Severe
Fault Conditions (enhanced performance)

51
FACTS Implementation - IPFC
E1 / 1 E3 / 3
E2 / 2
P12 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 2)) / X
P13 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 3)) / X

52
FACTS Implementation - IPFC
Series Transformer, Line 1
Series Transformer, Line 2
Series Inverter #1 Series Inverter #2
Interline Power Flow Controller

53
Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability:
Technologies Perspective
Compensation FACTS Devices
Devices Energy Storage
Fast
SMES Real Power Injection
and Absorption
P
TSSC
P TSSC
P Increased Power
SSSC Additio
SSSC Transfer
UPFC nal
UPFC
Stabilit
Electric Grid Electric Grid y
Margin 2
Q STATCOM Q STATCOM
1.5
Acceleration
Area
Deceleration
Area
Power Transfer
1 Stability
Fast Fast Margin
0.5
Reactive Power Injection Reactive Power Injection and

and Absorption Absorption 0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Phase Angle
2 2.5 3

54
Q
FACTS + Energy Storage
The Role of Energy Storage: real
power compensation can
increase operating control and STATCOM
reduce capital costs Reactive Power Only
Operates in the
vertical axis only
MVA Reduction P P - Active Power
Q - Reactive Power
The Combination or Real

and Reactive Power will
typically reduce the Rating of
the Power Electronics front
end interface.
Real Power takes care of STATCOM + SMES
power oscillation, whereas Real and Reactive Power
reactive power controls Operates anywhere within the
voltage. PQ Plane / Circle (4-Quadrant)

55
FACTS + Energy Storage - Location Sensitivity
Closer to generation
Additional Power Transfer(MW)
Closer to load centers
SMES Power (MW)

56
Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability:
Location and Configuration Type Sensitivity
No Compensation
60.
8
59.
2
time (sec)
2 STATCOMs 1 STATCOM + SMES

60. 60.
8 8
59. 59.
2 2
time (sec)
time (sec)
Voltage and Stability Control Enhanced Voltage and Stability Control
(2 x 80 MVA Inverters) ( 80 MVA Inverter + 100Mjs SMES)

57
FACTS For Optimizing Grid Investments
FACTS Devices Can Delay Transmission Lines Construction

By considering series compensation from the very beginning, power transmission between regions can be
planned with a minimum of transmission circuits, thus minimizing costs as well as environmental impact
from the start.
The Way to Proceed

Planners, investors and financiers should issue functional specifications for the transmission system
to qualified contractors, as opposed to the practice of issuing technical specifications, which are
often inflexible, and many times include older technologies and techniques) while inviting bids for a
transmission system.
Functional specifications could lay down the power capacity, distance, availability and reliability
requirements; and last but not least, the environmental conditions.
Manufacturers should be allowed to bid either a FACTS solution or a solution involving the
building of (a) new line(s) and/or generation; and the best option chosen.

58
Specifications
(Functional rather than Technical )
Transformer Connections
Higher-Pulse Operation
Higher-Level Operation
PWM Converter
Pay Attention to Interface Issues and Controls
Converter
Increase Pulse Number
Higher Level
Double the Number of Phase-Legs and Connect them in Parallel
Connect Converter Groups in Parallel
Use A Combination of several options listed to achieve required rating and performance
59
Cost Considerations
Technology Transmission Line Cost Range Operating principle Procurement
Transfer Enhancement Availability
Reconductor lines Increase thermal capacity $50K to $200K per Increases thermal limit for line Competitive
mile
Fixed or Switched Shunt Voltage reduction Light $8-$12 kVAR Compensates for capacitive var- Competitive
Reactors Load Management load
Fixed or Switched Shunt Voltage support and $8-$10 kVAR Compensates for inductive var- Competitive
Capacitors stability load
Fixed or Switched Series Power flow control, $12-$16 kVAR Reduces inductive line Competitive
Capacitors Voltage support and impedance
Stability
Static VAR Compensators Voltage support and $20-$45 kVAR Compensates for inductive Competitive
stability and/or capacitive var-load
Thyristor Controlled Series Power flow control, $25-$50 kVAR Reduces or increases inductive Limited
Compensation (TCSC) Voltage support and line impedance competition
stability
STATCOM Voltage support and $80-$100 kVAR Compensates for inductive and Limited
stability capacitive var-load competition
STATCOM w/SMES Voltage support and $150-$300 kW Compensates for inductive Limited
stability and/or capacitive var-load plus
energy storage for active power
Unified Power Flow Power flow control, $150-$200 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus Sole source
Controller (UPFC) Voltage support, and phase angle control
Stability
Unified Power Flow Power flow control $250-$350 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus Sole source
Controller (UPFC) w/SMES Voltage support and voltage regulator, phase angle
Stability, controller and energy storage
Shaded area indicates technologies that are either permanently connected or switched on or off with mechanical switches. (i.e. these are
not continuously controllable)

60
Cost Considerations
Hardware
Eng & Project Mgmt.
Installation
Civil Works
Commissioning
Insurance
Cost structure
The cost of a FACTS installation depends on many factors, such as power rating, type of device, system
voltage,
system requirements, environmental conditions, regulatory requirements etc. On top of this, the variety of
options available for optimum design renders it impossible to give a cost figure for a FACTS installation.
It is strongly recommended that contact is taken with a manufacturer in order to get a first idea of costs and
alternatives. The manufacturers should be able to give a budgetary price based on a brief description of the
transmission system along with the problem(s) needing to be solved and the improvement(s) needing to be
attained.
(*) Joint World Bank / ABB Power Systems Paper

Improving the efficiency and quality of AC transmission systems
61
Technology & Cost Trends
$
I
$$$
$
I
additional cost savings possible

62
Concerns About FACTS
Cost
Losses
Reliability

63
Economics of Power Electronics
Sometimes a mix of conventional and FACTS systems has the lowest cost
Losses will increase with higher loading and FACTS equipment more lossy than conventional ones
Reliability and security issues - when system loaded beyond the limits of experience
Demonstration projects required
100% Power
Electronics
Delta-P4
Delta-P2
Delta-P3
Delta-P1
100%
Conventional
Cost of System
64
Stig Nilsons paper
Operation and Maintenance
Operation of FACTS in power systems is coordinated with operation of other items in the
same system, for smooth and optimum function of the system. This is achieved in a
natural way through the Central Power System Control, with which the FACTS device(s)
is (are) communicating via system SCADA. This means that each FACTS device in the
system can be operated from a central control point in the grid, where the operator will
have skilled human resources available for the task. The FACTS device itself is normally
unmanned, and there is normally no need for local presence in conjunction with FACTS
operation, although the device itself may be located far out in the grid.
Maintenance is usually done in conjunction with regular system maintenance, i.e.

normally once a year. It will require a planned standstill of typically a couple of days.
Tasks normally to be done are cleaning of structures and porcelains, exchanging of
mechanical seals in pump motors, checking through of capacitors, checking of control and
protective settings, and similar. It can normally be done by a crew of 2-3 people with
engineers skill.
Joint World Bank / ABB Power Systems Paper

Improving the efficiency and quality of AC transmission systems
65
Impact of FACTS in interconnected networks
The benefits of power system interconnection are well established. It enables the participating parties to
share the benefits of large power systems, such as optimization of power generation, utilization of
differences in load profiles and pooling of reserve capacity. From this follows not only technical and
economical benefits, but also environmental, when for example surplus of clean hydro resources from one
region can help to replace polluting fossil-fuelled generation in another.
For interconnections to serve their purpose, however, available transmission links must be powerful
enough to safely transmit the amounts of power intended. If this is not the case, from a purely technical
point of view it can always be remedied by building additional lines in parallel with the existing, or by
uprating the existing system(s) to a higher voltage. This, however, is expensive, time-consuming, and calls
for elaborate procedures for gaining the necessary permits. Also, in many cases, environmental
considerations, popular opinion or other impediments will render the building of new lines as well as
uprating to ultrahigh system voltages impossible in
practice. This is where FACTS comes in.
Examples of successful implementation of FACTS for power system interconnection can be found among
others between the Nordic Countries, and between Canada and the United States. In such cases, FACTS
helps to enable mutually beneficial trade of electric energy between the countries.
Other regions in the world where FACTS is emerging as a means for AC bulk power interchange between
regions can be found in South Asia as well as in Africa and Latin America. In fact, AC power corridors
equipped with SVC and/or SC transmitting bulk power over distances of more than 1.000 km are a reality
today.
Joint World
P. Ribeiro Bank / ABB Power Systems Paper June, 2002
Improving the efficiency and quality of AC transmission systems 66
Power Quality Issues
1 Background (Power Quality Trade Mark)
2 The Need For An Integrated Perspective of PQ
3 Harmonics
4 Imbalance
5 Voltage Fluctuations
6 Voltage Sags
7 Standards, Limits, Diagnostics, and Recommendations
Flexibility, Compatibility, Probabilistic Nature, Alternative Indices
8 Combined effects
9 Power Quality Economics
10 Measurement Protocols
11 Probabilistic Approach
12 Modeling & Simulation
13 Advanced Techniques
(Wavelet, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Net, Genetic Algorithms)
14 Power Quality Programs

67
Compatibility: The Key Approach

68
Relative Trespass Level (RTL)
U k Uref k
RTL k max 0,
Uref k
Uk - measured or calculated harmonic voltage

Uref - harmonic voltage limit (standard or particular equipment)
k - harmonic order
8 8
8 8
6 6
RT Lk 4 RT Lk 4
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 0.05 0.1
2 k 13 0 Uk .1

69
Harmonic Distortion Diagnostic Index Applying Fuzzy Logic
Comparisons
Alternative Approach
Individual Harmonics (Vh)
Equipment Malfunction
Fuzzy - Color Code Criteria
No Problem
Normal
Below
Normal
Below
a
Caution
NormalOver
b
Heating
Possible Problems
c
d
Very
Hot
Imminent Problems
e
1
Normal Caution Possible Severe Dangerous
Levels Problems Distortions Levels
0 A B C D E F G RTL
70
Harmonics
Definition of harmonics
Sources of harmonics
Effects of harmonics
Mitigation methods
Considerations on the extra costs due to harmonic pollution
Measurement results
Voltage fluctuations/Flicker
Definitions
Sources of voltage fluctuations/flicker
Effects of voltage fluctuations/flicker
Mitigation methods
Measurement results

71
Voltage Dips
Definition
Sources of voltage dips
Effects of voltage dips
Mitigation methods
Measurement results
Conclusions
Unbalance
Definition
Sources of unbalance
Effects of unbalance
Mitigation methods
Measurement results
Transient Overvoltages
72
How To Interpret This?

73

74

75
The Total Quality Environment
Power System Value Chain
Environmental
Maintainability
Availability
Safety
Efficiency
Reliability
Performance
Price
Power Quality
Energy Communication
Power
INPUTS Generation Delivery Conversion Processing OUTPUTS
Light / Motion
Central T&D AC-AC Motion

Station Supplies
SMES FACTS UPS Appliances

Batteries SMES
PQ Parks
Power Electronics Systems and Components
Utility User

76
Benefits of a Power Quality Program
Offer options to customers with PQ concerns
Attract new business to area (regional development)
Facilitate load retention of current customers
Meet changing needs of customer's new technology
Discourage co-generation or self-generation as solutions of

PQ Problems
Enhance and public image - as customers hold utility accountable

for both PQ and reliability
Add value to service
Serve customers' best interests and save customers money
Support utility mission

77
Suggested Topics for Investigation
FACTS
Inclusion of Energy Storage
Topology Combination
Power Quality
Effects of Power Quality on Relaying Equipment
Cost/Benefit Analysis of PQ
Application of Advanced Techniques

78
Conclusions
Future systems can be expected to operate at higher stress levels

FACTS could provide means to control and alleviate stress
Reliability of the existing systems minimize risks (but not risk-free)
Interaction between FACTS devices needs to be studied
Existing Projects - Met Expectations
More Demonstrations Needed
R&D needed on avoiding security problems (with and w/o FACTS)
Energy storage can significantly enhance FACTS controllers performance

79
Conclusions
Power supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of deregulation and
political and economical maneuvers. This new market environment puts demands for
flexibility and power quality into focus. Also, trade between companies and countries
of electric power is gaining momentum, to the benefit of all involved. This calls for the
right solutions as far as power transmission facilities between countries as well as
between regions within countries are concerned.
FACTS Benefits included:
-An increase of synchronous stability of the grid;
-An increased voltage stability in the grid;
-Decreased power wheeling between different power systems;
-Improved load sharing between parallel circuits;
-Decreased overall system transmission losses;
-Improved power quality in grids.
The choice of FACTS device is simple and needs to be made the subject of detailed
system studies, taking all relevant requirements and prerequisites of the system into
consideration, so as to arrive at the optimum technical and economical solution. In
fact, the best solution may often be lying in a combination of devices.
80
Conclusions
From an economical point of view, more power can be transmitted over existing or
new transmission grids with unimpeded availability at an investment cost and
time expenditure lower, or in cases even far lower than it would cost to achieve the
same with more extensive grids. Also, in many cases, money can be saved on a
decrease of
power transmission losses.
From an environmental point of view, FACTS enables the transmission of power

over vast distances with less or much less right-of-way impact than would
otherwise be possible. Furthermore, the saving in transmission losses may well
bring a corresponding decrease in need for generation, with so much less toll on
the environment.
All these things help to enable active, useful power to reach out in growing
quantities to growing populations under safe and favorable conditions all over the
world. Also, individual countries own border lines no longer constitute any limit
to power industry. With FACTS, power trade to the benefit of many can be
established to a growing extent across June,
P. Ribeiro
borders,
2002
by making more efficient use of
interconnections between countries, new as well as existing. 81
Conclusions
A Balanced and Cautious Application
The acceptance of the new tools and technologies will take time, due to the
computational requirements and educational barriers.
The flexibility and adaptability of these new techniques indicate that they
will become part of the tools for solving power quality problems in this
increasingly complex electrical environment.
The implementation and use of these advanced techniques needs to be done

with much care and sensitivity. They should not replace the engineering
understanding of the electromagnetic nature of the problems that need to
be solved.

82
Questions and Open Discussions

83
Appendix

84

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"An Overview on FACTS and Power Quality Issues:

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Objectives - Motivation - Background

Limitation of Traditional Tools

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Why we need transmission interconnection

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

The relative importance of transmission interconnection

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Power Flow in Parallel Paths

50% Series Compensation

Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters

Control of X can provide current control

Steady State Dynamic

Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected

Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Identify and Size

Voltage Fault Perform

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos() / X (E2 - E1 . cos()

Ip1 = (E2 . sin ()) / X

Reactive component of the current flow at E1

Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos ())/X

Active Power at the E1 end

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X

Reactive Power at the E1 end

Q1 = E1(E1 - E2 . cos ()) / X

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

P1 = k1.E1 (E2 . sin (/k2))/X

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X

Real Power Angle Curve Xeff = X - Xc

Device Type Thyristor Thyristor

Device Symmetrical Asymmetrical +

Short-Circuit Lower + Higher

Rate of Rise of Limited by DC Reactor + Fast Rise (Due to

Losses Higher - Lower +

AC Capacitors Required Not Required +

DC Capacitors Not Required + Required

Valves dv/dt Lower + Higher

Reactive Power Depends on Current Independent of +

Harmonics AC capacitors may -

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

S hun tC om p en sa toi n S e r ies C om p en sa toi n

C oup lni g C oup lni g

Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

vdc vdc Vdc Vdc

S ni g el -pha se , T h ree -pha se , w t o -el ve l T h ree -pha se , ht ree -el ve l

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.

Reduce loop flows.

Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

Throughput MW HVDC 2 Terminals FACTS

2000 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Long distance overhead transmission

Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible frequencies

P. Ribeiro June, 2002