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FRACTURE
DUCTILE BRITTLE
Fracture Behavior of Bulk Crystalline
Materials
Fundamentals of Fracture
Ductile Fracture
Brittle Fracture
Crack Initiation and Propagation
Fracture Mechanics
Fracture Toughness
Design
Fundamentals of Fracture
Ref: M.Gensamer
Stress intensity factor
for
(a) Center-cracked
plate loaded in
tension,
(b) Edge-cracked
plate loaded in
tension,
(c) Double-edge-
cracked plate
loaded in tension
(d) Cracked beam in
pure bending
Plane stress and plane strain conditions
Plane stress
plane strain
plane strain
Reversed plastic zone size
TYPICAL FATIGUE STRESS CYCLES
(a) REVERSED (b) REPEATED (c ) IRREGULAR OR RANDOM
Atomistic Simulation of Brittle Fracture
Image of simulated brittle fracture
Mode I fracture
Crack Initiation and Propagation
Cracks usually initiate at some point of
stress concentration
Common areas include scratches, fillets,
threads, and dents
Propagation occurs in two stages:
Stage I: propagates very slowly along
crystallographic planes of high shear stress and
may constitute either a large or small fraction of
the fatigue life of a specimen
Stage II: the crack growth rate increases and
changes direction, moving perpendicular to the
applied stress
Crack Initiation and Propagation
Crack Initiation
and Propagation
Double-ended
crack
simulations
Fracture Mechanics
Uses fracture analysis to determine the critical
stress at which a crack will propagate and
eventually fail
The stress at which fracture occurs in a material
is termed fracture strength
For a brittle elastic solid this strength is
estimated to be around E/10, E being the
modulus of elasticity
This strength is a function of the cohesive
forces between the atoms
Experimental values lie between 10 and 1000
times below this value
These values are a due to very small flaws occurring
throughout the material referred to as stress raisers
Fracture Mechanics
If we assume that the crack is elliptical in shape and
its longer axis perpendicular to the applied stress,
the maximum stress at the crack tip is:
E = modulus of elasticity
gs= specific surface energy
a = half the length of an internal crack
Applies only in cases where there is no
plastic deformation present.
Fracture Toughness
Stresses near the crack tip of a material
can also be characterized by the stress
intensity factor, K,
A critical value of K exists, similar to the
value sc, known as fracture toughness
given by:
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
Ductile Fracture
Involves a substantial amount of plastic
deformation and energy absorption before
failure.
Crack propagation occurs very slowly as the
length the crack grows.
Often termed a stable crack, in that it will not
grow further unless additional stress is
applied