ETHICAL STANDARDS IN

RESEARCH
DEFINING ETHICS

-norms for conduct that delineate the boundary between

acceptable and unacceptable behavior;

-sense of right and wrong;

DEFINING ETHICS

-an approach, process or perspective for choosing

how to act on certain issues or situation, and for
probing complicated problem or issues;
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH

Transparency;
Purpose should be clearly defined;
Participants should not be exposed to any kind of potential hazards;
Confidentiality of participants identities is an essential consideration;
Proper dissemination of findings: accountability, authenticity, accuracy;
Safekeeping of data (prescriptive period of 5 years).
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH

Things to avoid:
of data- fraudulent practices like falsification, alteration,
misrepresentation , concealing of findings
- biased or subjective language
- labeling people / singling out a group
- assuming authorship of anothers work (plagiarism)
When there is not a community, trust,
respect, ethical behavior are difficult for
the young to learn and for the old to
maintain.
- Robert K. Greenleaf
IDENTIFYING RESEARCH
FOCUS
 Clarify or narrow down the identified topic area;
Potentially easier to measure and address;
Define the main idea;
Identify the area (specific problems) affected by the
problem focus
RESEARCH TOPIC GUIDELINES

Acceptability how researchers view the topic in

relation to the field of study

Applicability the usefulness of the research output to

a wider group of people;
- implications to theory, research and practice
RESEARCH PROBLEM

Area affected by the identified topic, issue, or phenomenon;

3 components:
- context/background how the problem is formulated; places the research
problem within a bigger setting
- rationale major purpose; specific objectives; state in a more specific
manner
- significance possible contributions to knowledge and practices
RESEARCH TITLE

Deduce what the paper is about;

Be brief and avoid wasting words;
Eliminate unnecessary words such an Approach to
and A Study of;
Use 12 or less substantive words;
Eliminate most articles and prepositions;
RESEARCH TITLE

Make sure it includes the focus or topic of the study;

Capture relevant ideas:
- variables
- research design
- argument
- locus
RESEARCH QUESTION/S

Refer to the problem/phenomenon;

Should be clear and specific;
Could be more than one;
Note the target population/participants;
Reflect intervention in experimental work;
Shed light on appropriate research methods
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Backdrop as to how the study will make a contribution to

current knowledge /practice;
Identify the group of people which findings will prove to be
relevant;
Justification for the study;

Why is it relevant?
To whom is it relevant?
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

What the researcher intends to do and does not intend to do;

Scope all the things relevant in order to provide solutions to the issues;
Limitations matter and occurrences beyond researchers control;
Delimitations characteristics that arise from the exclusion and inclusion
decisions made during research planning ;
EXERCISE:
Given the following research, identify the:
a. Variables
b. Locus
c. Argument
d. Research design
1. Antecedents of Service Employees Organizational Citizenship
Behaviors in Full Service Restaurants in Korea
2. Push and pull factors affecting shadow education participation of
Basic Education students in the Philippines
3. Impact of education and skill mismatch in the work productivity of
employees in the BPO service industry
4. The Influence of Successor-Related Factors on the Succession
Process in small and Medium-Sized Family Business
5. Directive Versus participative Leadership: Two complementary
Approaches to managing school Effectiveness