8/1 STRESS AND STRAIN IN

BEAMS
 8/2 BENDING BEAMS
LOADS ON BEAM PRODUCE STRESS
RESULTANTS, V & M

V & M PRODUCE NORMAL STRESSES

AND STRAINS IN PURE BENDING
V & M PRODUCE ADDITIONAL SHEAR
STRESSES IN NON-UNIFORM
BENDING
 8/3 TYPES OF BENDING
PURE BENDING FLEXURE UNDER
CONSTANT M. i.e. V =0 = dM/dx

NON-UNIFORM BENDING FLEXURE

WHEN V NON-ZERO
 8/4 PURE BENDING
y
z P Unit (small) Length P
a
x

V
P
Non uniform bending -P
M P.a

Pure bending region

 8/5 PURE BENDING
Unit (small) length
M M

Straight lines
 8/6 RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Straight lines
remain straight
Planes remain plane
 8/7 CURVATURE = 1/
.d ds dx
d

d
1

y

dx
ds
x
dx
d= dx
NORMAL STRAIN
L1= (-y)d
L1= dx - (y/)dx x= -(y/)dx/dx=-.y
L1- dx = -(y/)dx

L1
NEUTRAL AXIS
8/9 LONGITUDINAL STRAIN
Strain
1
max
x
y
1

1
max
8/10 LONGITUDINAL STRESS
Stress v Strain Strain Stress

8/11 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN
Strain Stress
1
max

x x = E.x

y
1

x = -y/ = -.y x = -E.y/ = -E..y

1
max
 8/12 RELATION BETWEEN
&M
NEED TO KNOW WHERE NEUTRAL
AXIS IS. FIND USING HORIZONTAL
FORCE BALANCE
NEED A RELATION BETWEEN & M.
FIND USING MOMENT BALANCE
gives THE MOMENT CURVATURE
EQUATION & THE FLEXURE
FORMULA
 8/13 NEUTRAL AXIS PASSES
THROUGH CENTROID
y dA
x Compression c1

x M z

Tension c2

dA E. . y.dA 0
x y.dA 0
A
A A
First moment of area
 8/14 MOMENT-CURVATURE EQN

dM x ydA
dA
c1

y
M x ydA .E. y dA
2
z
A A

I y dA
2
= moment of inertia c2
wrt neutral axis
A
M .E.I
8/15 FLEXURE FORMULA
FOR BENDING STRESSES

M .y
x E. . y
I
8/16 MAXIMUM STRESSES

OCCUR AT
THE TOP & BOTTOM FACES
 8/17 MAXIMUM STRESSES
M .c1 M
y
1
1
C1 I S1
1 S1 = I/c1
x M Section modulus

M .c2 M
C2 2 2
I S2
 8/18 I & S FOR BEAM
3
y b.h
I
12

b. 2
h 0 z S h
6

b
 8/19 BEAM DESIGN
SELECT SHAPE AND SIZE SO THAT
STRESS DOES NOT EXCEED ALLOW
CALCULATE REQUIRED
S=MMAX/ALLOW
CHOOSE LOWEST CROSS SECTION
WHICH SATISFIES S
 8/20 IDEAL BEAM
RECTANGULAR BEAM, SR=bh2/6=Ah/6
CYLINDRICAL BEAM, S=0.85.SR
IDEAL BEAM, HALF THE AREA AT
h/2
IDEAL BEAM, S=3.SR
STANDARD I-BEAM, S=2.SR
8/21 STRESSES CAUSED BY
BENDING
P=50kN
q=20kN/m

2.5m 3.5m RB
RA

h=0.7m

b=0.22m
 8/22 V & M DIAGRAMS
V=89.2kN

V 39.2kN

-10.8kN
-80.8kN
M=160.4kNm

M
 8/23 MAX FOR BEAM
y

2
b. 2 0.22 x0.7
S h 0.018m 3

6 6
h z
0
MAXIMUM STRESSES

M max 160.4kNm
C 3
8.9MPa
S 0.018m
T 8.9MPa
b