Pulp and Paper Industry

WELCOME
IN THE WORLD
OF
PAPER
Let us have an overall concept of paper
making process with
Dr. Noaman Ul-Haq
2
Paper
An essential part of life
Culturally
Economically
Socially
3
Where from paper is made?
PAPER
PULP
De-inking Process
TRADITIONAL
RECENT DEVELOPMENT
WASTE PAPER
VIRGIN FIBER
5
How paper is made?
Paper is processed broadly in 3-steps:
Stock Preparation
Approach Flow System
Paper Making Process
7
Stock Preparation
8
Stock Preparation
Stock Preparation means.
Preparation of Pulp.
Pulp is processed, cleaned and bleached

Cellulose Fibers along with water which is
present in semi-solid state.
9
Percentage of solid materials or dry substance
(i.e. Cellulose fiber) in the sample of stock is
defined as Consistency.
Consistency is an important term in Paper

Technology.
10
Other important terms:
Moisture Ratio:
Ratio of weight of water and weight of dry
substance in a sample of stock or paper.
Basis Weight:
Weight in grams of one square meter after
paper has been conditioned in a standardised
environment (usually at 200C temperature and
50% relative humidity)
11
Preparation of Pulp from Waste Paper
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor
Waste Paper Pulper
12
Pulper
The waste paper is slushed in a continuously

running pulper in medium consistency (10-
14%).
Pulper is agitator of raw material, chemical and
water.
Chemicals added in the pulper are: Sodium
Hydroxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Silicate
and Soap.
13
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor
Waste Paper
Pulper
Fiberizer
14
Fiberizer
The fiberizer is used for mixing dilution
water into the suspension and for removing
coarse contaminants.
The pressure produced by

the fiberizer rotor conveys
the contaminants and part of
stock suspension to
downstream screening unit.
15
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor
Waste Paper
Pulper
Accept
Dump Tower Fiberizer
Reject
Drum Screen
16
Dump Tower
Dump Tower is basically a storage

tank.
In Dump Tower, pulp gets sufficient
retention time for chemical reaction,
along with the chemicals added.
From Pulper to Dump Tower, the
production is Batch type.
17
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor
Waste Paper
Pulper
Accept
Reject
High Density Cleaner Drum Screen

18
High Density Cleaner
The High Density Cleaner cleans stock
separation of sorted and unsorted waste
paper.
Relatively coarser contaminants such as
small bolts, stones, wires and knots are
separated.
Cleaner protects machinery downstream
against damage and rapid wear.
19
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor
Waste Paper Pulper
Accept
Reject
Drum Screen
High Density Cleaner
Hole Screen
20
Hole Screen
Pulp is passed through multi-stage
screen of 1.2 mm holes.
New developed machines, with special
rotor geometry and 1 mm hole screen,
can clean fibrous stock suspensions at
consistencies up to 3.5%.
In Hole Screening, contaminants
removed at the beginning stages of stock
preparation.
21
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor Accept
Waste Paper Pulper Fiberizer Dump Tower
Reject
Drum Screen
Stand tube Hole Screen High Density Cleaner
Floatation
Primary Cell
22
Floatation Cell
After Hole Screening, stock goes to Primary
Floatation Cell, through Stand Tube.
Additives are added in Stand Tube.
Purpose of Floatation:
To enhance brightness to high degree.
To reduce dirt and stickies efficiently
Floatation Cell Continues.
23
Floatation Cell
Floatation Machine comprises of cells in
series forming a horizontal tube with elliptical
cross section.
A weir extending over the entire aggregate
separates the suspension chamber from the
foam collection channel.
Suspension is removed uniformly from the
bottom of each cell and pumped via aeration
element to the next cell.
Floatation Cell Continues. 24
Floatation Cell
Function of aeration element is based on
step diffuser design.
Acceleration in the aeration tube generates a
vacuum, which sucks the necessary process
air, which forms bubbles in the stock.
Bubbles remove particles from the stock
suspension.

Floatation Cell
Dirt laden bubbles rise to the top of the cell,
forming a foam layer.
The foam layer carried over the wire into the
foam collecting channel.
The cleaner stock suspension remain in the
cell and pumped to the next level.
26
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor Accept
Waste Paper Pulper Fiberizer Dump Tower
Reject
Drum Screen
Stand tube Hole Screen High Density Cleaner
Floatation
Primary Cell
Reject from foam chamber
Venting Cyclone
Floatation
Secondary Cell Foam Tank 27
Combined Floatation
System
Two stage floatation system is an important
feature of modern de-inking plant.
The primary floatation stage ensures high
stock purity, while the secondary stage
optimises floatation yield without sacrifice of
brightness and cleanliness.
Floatation foam from the primary stage is
further deaerated in a cyclone before
pumping to the secondary stage.
Combined Floatation
System
In Secondary Cell, usable fibers are
recovered from the foam, and the rejects
from the Primary Stage are selectively
removed from the system.
The accept from the Secondary Stage is
returned to the Primary Stage inlet.
29
Water Chemical
Belt Conveyor Accept High Density
Waste Paper Pulper Fiberizer Dump Tower Cleaner
Reject
Drum Screen
Accept
Floatation
Stand tube
CL1 Reject Accept Primary Cell Hole Screen
Reject
Accept Reject CL2 Venting Cyclone
CL3 Reject Accept
Floatation
Foam Tank
CL4 Secondary Cell
CL stands for Heavy & Light Weight

Cleaner
30
Heavy & Light Weight Cleaner
After Floatation, light and heavy
weight contaminants are cleaned in
multi-stage cleaner.
Multi-stage cleaner operates in the
concept of cyclone cleaner.
31
Water Chemical
Reject
Drum Screen
Accept
Floatation
Stand tube Hole Screen
CL1 Reject Accept Primary Cell
Reject
Accept
CL3 Reject Accept

Floatation
CL4 Secondary Cell Foam Tank
Slot
Screen
32
Slot Screen
After Cleaning, stock passes

through the multi-stage Slot Screen
Arrangement.
Cleaned stock is pumped to the
vertical screen.
Accept from first stage Slot Screen
pumped to the Disc Filter.
Slot Screen Continues. 33

Slot Screen
Reject from the first stage Slot

Screen pumped to the second
stage Slot Screen, via storage
tank.
From second stage Slot Screen,
accept pumped to Disc Filter, and
reject pumped to third stage Slot
Screen via another storage tank.
Slot Screen Continues. 34
Slot Screen
From third stage TANK
Slot Screen, the SLUDGE

TANK
accept goes to SLOT SCREEN
TANK
the tank placed in
between first and SLOT SCREEN
second stage Slot DISC

FILTER
Screen and reject CLEANER
SLOT SCREEN
goes to the
sludge tank.
35
Water Chemical
Reject
Drum Screen
Accept
Floatation
Reject
Accept
CL3 Reject Accept

Floatation
Slot Screen Disc Filter
36
Disc Filter
After Slot Screen, pulp is dewatered in
the Disc Filter.
The recovered water is re-used in various
locations.
For pulp dewatering, feed consistencies
as low as 0.6% are acceptable.
Discharge consistencies of 10-15% can
be achieved.
Disc Filter Continues.
37
Disc Filter
The filter consists of low volume discs
mounted on a horizontal shaft with conical
flow channel.
The filtrate valve at the outlet end of the shaft
has a wear plate and bridges for separating
the various filtrate zones.
The filtrate valve is connected to a barometric
drop-leg that generates the required vacuum.
Disc Filter Continues. 38

Disc Filter
The dewatered pulp is
removed from the discs by
jets of water and the filter
cloth is continuously washed
with an oscillating shower.
The shaft with the discs is
built into a vat.
Each disc has separate inlet
flow vane and weir for
optimised pulp distribution.
39
Water Chemical
Reject
Drum Screen
Accept
Floatation
Reject
Accept
CL3 Reject Accept

Floatation
Screw
Slot Screen Disc Filter Heater Disperger
Press
The process in Screw Press, Heater and Disperger is called
Dispersion. 40
Dispersion
Purpose:
Shears off ink particles still adhering to the
fibers
Reduce size of ink and stickies and disperse
them in the stock suspension
Technological treatment of fiber
Transport of stock
Mix bleaching additives
Dispersion Continues.
41
Dispersion
Function:
Dispersion effectiveness depends on two
operational parameters:
Temperature
Shear force
Stock temperature up to 100C are adequate for
dispersion. A reduction in fiber strength, which is
expected above 100C, will not therefore occur.
Shear force of a certain integrity must be created
during mechanical treatment.
Dispersion Continues. 42
Dispersion
Dispersion system generally includes three
process stages:
Dewatering, achieved by Screw Press
Heating, achieved by Heater
Dispersion, achieved by Disperger
Dispersion
Function of each stage of dispersion:
Dewatering:
Increase consistency and viscosity for high shear forces,
Remove dissolved contaminants
Heating:
Soften stickies and inks
Reduce micro-organism
Dispersion:
Make stickies and inks floatable
Disperge coating grits
Mix in bleaching chemicals
Dispersion
Type of disperger:
Disc Disperger
Kneading Disperger Kneading Disperger
Disc Disperger: Disc Disperger
In Disc Disperger, movement of stock is in radial

direction.
Kneading Disperger:
In Kneading Disperger, movement of stock is in axial
direction.
Dispersion
Dispersion
Disc Disperger:
Stock passed through the clearance between two
plates along with projected fills. Shearing of ink
particles takes place due to the relative rotational
movement of the plates.
Kneading Disperger:
Shaft with projected fills placed axially in a cylindrical
housing. Fills projected in the internal wall of the
housing. Shaft rotates and stock moves axially.
Shearing of ink particles takes place due to relative
motion of the shaft and the housing.
Dispersion
Possible influence of the Dispersion on fiber
quality:
Curl
Fibrillation/Flexibilisation
Dispersion
Curl
Effect of curl on fiber quality:
Higher wet strength and shrinkage
Higher absorption capacity and porosity
Higher bulk and greater softness
Lower static strength value
Lower dewatering resistance
Lower apparent fiber length
Dispersion
Curl
origin of curl:
In principal curl originates during all fiber treatment
processes where sufficiently high forces act on fibers
which can not escape these forces.
Curl originates in the high consistency stock (>20%
consistency), as well as medium consistency stock
and paper machine itself.
With increasing temperature curl and the porosity in
the stock increases and tensile strength decreases.
Dispersion
Curl
Reversible curl:
All the curls generated in stock preparation,
do not present when it reaches the paper
machine.
A certain percentage of curl is always
reversible during process, depending on
furnish and operating parameters.
Dispersion
Curl
influence of dispersion machine type on curl:
Curl generated in both type of disperger.
The porosity increase after Disc Disperger is
much less and disappears during hot
disintegration.
The increase in porosity after Kneading
Disperger is clearly measurable.
Dispersion
Curl
RELATIVE CHANGE IN POROSITY (%)
COMPARISON OF CURL GENERATION

DISINTEGRATION COLD HOT
KNEADING DISPERGER
DISC DISPERGER
SPECIFIC DISPERSION ENERGY

Dispersion
Curl
Influence of furnish on curl: ELASTIC FIBER
Wood containing stocks have a high proportion of
reversible curl and wood free stocks are largely
irreversible.
The curl in wood containing stock behaves like elastic fiber.
when these fibers are bent they absorbs distortion forces,
and as soon as they get chance (e.g. by dilution or
agitation), they straighten again.
The curl of wood free kraft paper behaves like plastic fiber.
These fibers contain amorphous zones, which are in a state
of plastic flow above their softening temperature and can
not absorb any stress.
Dispersion
Fibrillation/Flexibilisation: INTERNAL
FIBRILLATION
EXTERNAL
FIBRILLATION
while curl leads to loss to strength, some

dispersion processes have the effect of enhancing
strength. They can therefore be compared with
refining.
To achieve large increase in strength, the
Disperger can be operated cold without prior
heating.
RELATIVE CHANGE IN TENSILE STRENGTH

COMPARISON OF CHANGE OF
TENSILE STRENGTH
KNEADING DISPERGER
DISC DISPERGER
55
TEMPERATURE
Water Chemical
Reject
Drum Screen
Accept
Floatation
Reject
Accept
CL3 Reject Accept

Floatation
Slot Screen Disc Filter Screw Press Heater Disperger
Storage Water
Reductive
Tower Bleaching Thickener Floatation
China Clay+ soap stone
Intermediate Machine
Mixing Chest Chest Chest 56
After Dispersion..
After Dispersion, water is added to the stock
and the stock again passed through flotation
second cell and thickener for further
treatment. After reductive bleaching it goes to
the Storage Tower. From Storage Tower stock
goes to the Machine Chest through Mixing
Chest and Intermediate Chest.
57
Preparation of Pulp from Waste Paper: Complete Cycle
Water Chemical
Reject
Drum Screen
Accept
Floatation
Reject
Accept
CL3 Reject Accept

Floatation
Slot Screen Disc Filter Screw Press Heater Disperger
Water
China Clay+ Storage Reductive
Tower Bleaching Thickener Floatation
Soap Stone
Intermediate Machine
Mixing Chest Chest Chest 58
Stock Preparation
59
Stock Preparation
The steps and the equipments described here
in the process flow is for general idea.
Sometimes steps and equipments vary
depending on process requirement, quality of
fiber, end product, etc. But as a whole the
steps remain same.
60
61
Approach Flow System also known as Wet End Process.
Advantages of Approach Flow System:
To reduce Stochastic Variations:
Perfect homogeneity of the stock in the headbox
No uncontrolled fluctuations in the headbox consistency
Low signal noise level at the headbox
To reduce Periodic Variations:
Very low level of pulses created by rotating elements
Fast, stable and accurate control loops
To satisfy other requirements:
Low air content in the system
Stable retention and chemical balance
62
Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix
63
preparation
Macro & Broke

Saveall
Micro Mix
Macro Mix Micro Mix
Purpose: or
Complete mixing of all stock components, including

broke and stock coming back from save all.
(save all means collection tray of extracted and
recovered white water from initial stages of paper
making machine, and broke means rejected semi-
made papers during process of paper making).
To eliminate consistency variations.
Attenuation of fluctuation.
64
preparation
Macro & Broke

Saveall
Micro Mix
Macro Mix
Features: Micro Mix
or
Macro mix takes place in the mixing pipe.

The feed pipes are tangentially placed to the main
pipe. In this pipe, the kinetic energy of the stock is
used to provide a high degree of pre mixing.
Micro mix takes place in the static mixer.
65
Jet Mix
66
Jet Mix
Features:
Consecutive mixing of components
Most intensive mixing at thick stock addition
The kinetic energy of backflows is used to premix

the streams.
Final mixing takes place at the thick stock
injection point.
67
Jet Mix
Cleaner
68
Cleaner
Cleaner
In cleaner, dilution water is added in the

critical region of the cone, so that fiber
losses become less.
In smaller systems, three cleaner stages plus
an integrated fiber recovery cleaner are
needed.
69
Jet Mix
Cleaner
Break Tank
70
Break Tank
Purpose: Break Tank
To keep pulsation away from headbox (Head box is

the first equipment of Paper Making Machines)
Break tank is basically a hydraulic de-coupling
between Jet Mix and Head box
To deaerate the white water; because air in the
system can create problem during paper making,
such as amplifying pulsation, pump speed
fluctuation and cleanliness related problem
71
Jet Mix
Cleaner
Slot Screen Break Tank
72
Slot Screen
Slot Screening machine is important, because it is
the last process stage before paper making machine.
Purpose of Slot Screen:
To efficiently remove residual impurities
Policing of fibers
Important feature of Slot Screen:
No pulsation should occur
No stringing should generate
73
Slot Screen
Jet Mix
Cleaner
Pulsation Damping Tank

74
After Approach Flow System....
Slot Screen is the last equipment of Approach Flow
System.
After Slot Screen, Stock goes to Pulsation Damping
Tank (PD Tank). Name implies that, PD Tank dampen
the pulsation to increase the quality of paper. After
PD Tank, stock goes to Headbox, the first equipment
of paper making machine.
The combination of equipments in the Approach
Flow System varies, depending on requirements.
75
Jet Mix
Cleaner
Pulsation Damping Tank
76
Paper Making Machine
77
Enroute to the Headbox, the stock (i.e. pulp) is
diluted to about or below 1% consistency.
From the Headbox, the stock is distributed in a
thin layer onto a endless running fabric,
dewatered, pressed and dried to paper of a
dryness of about 95%.
78
79
Paper Making Process
Approach Wire
Pulp Headbox
Flow System Section
Calender Dryer Press

Section Section Section
Pope Reel
Section
80
Headbox
The Headbox is an equipment which discharges an uniform jet of

paper making stock onto the moving forming fabric.
The functions of Headbox are :

Spread stock evenly across the width of the machine.
Level out cross currents and consistency variations.
Level out machine direction velocity gradients.
Create controlled turbulence to eliminate fiber floccing.
Discharge evenly from the slice opening; impinge on the forming
fabric at the correct location and angle.
81
Headbox
82
Headbox
83
Wire Section
In Wire section, paper is formed on an end-
less fabric wire running in a loop across foils
and various dewatering element. This concept
is called Fourdrinier System.
For dewatering from both the side of the
paper web and minimum two sidedness of the
product, a equipment called Duo Former is
used.
84
Wire Section
GUIDE ROLL
STRETCH ROLL
DUO FORMER
SEPARATION ROLL
LEAD IN ROLL
SUCTION
KUTCH ROLL DEWATERING
ELEMENT
HEADBOX
BREAST ROLL
FOURDRINIER WIRE SECTION
FORWARD DRIVE
ROLL
STRETCH ROLL STRETCH ROLL
WIRE GUIDE WIRE GUIDE
ROLL ROLL
85
Wire Section
Major influencing factor for fiber formation:
Fiber type and preparation
Filler content
Consistency
Type and arrangement of dewatering element
Wire shaking
Dandy roll
Wire Section has the maximum
Top wire unit (Duo former) potential for formation improvement
86
Wire Section
87
Wire Section
88
Wire Section
89
Wire Section
90
Wire Section
91
Wire Section
The strength of fiber network being
dewatered on the forming fabric (i.e. wire)
depends on surface tension and mechanical
friction between the fibers.
The forces created by the surface tension
increase in inverse proportion to the distance
between adjoining surfaces, which means wet
strength of the paper web increases with
dryness.
92
Press Section
After Wire Section, paper web is pressed by
multiple rollers in the Press Section.
To ensuring good machine efficiency and
pressing, a compact bi-nip press followed by a
straight press is used.
In the Press Section, paper web is conveyed by
the felt; drive to the rolls also transmit
through these felts.
93
Press Section
94
Press Section
95
Press Section
Feature:
Minimum two sidedness as both sides of the
sheet comes in contact with hard rolls
Better sheet release and easy paper transfer
Minimum open draw
Better smoothness and hence, better
printability
Faster and easier felt change
96
Press Section
In the press nips water is removed by three effects:
One part is thrown out of the nip and collected in the pans
and channels.
Another part is removed by the suction roll
Majority of the water is transported by the press felt.
So after the nip, the press felt is contaminated with waste

water. This felt is cleaned and water is taken out during one
revolution to get the felt ready to pass the nip again. For this
purpose suction tubes in each felt circuit is used.
97
Press Section
During pressing a new phenomenon comes into play
at about 40% dryness, known as Hydrogen Bond.
Fiber surfaces are pressed close enough together
that the oxygen atoms of hydroxil groups protruding
from adjoining surfaces come within a distance of
2.5-3.5 to one another.
In this situation two oxygen can share a proton of a
hydrogen atom. In effect, the hydrogen atom can not
choose between the two oxygen atoms, thus
producing a hydrogen bond.
98
Press Section
The phenomenon of hydrogen bonding occurs
because of the singular geometry of the
glucose unit in a cellulose chain.
The strength of the hydrogen bond depends
on the number of bond per contact surface
and on the size of this surface.
99
Press Section
Fiber Structure of Paper & Hydrogen Bond
n n
Cellulose Starch Amylose
1.03 m
0.83 m
100
Dryer Section
After Press Section, paper web passes through
number of drying cylinders. The cylinders are
driven by fabric wires.
The classical drying section consists of two
tiers of drying cylinders. The cylinders are cast
in normal grey iron and coded for a steam
pressure of 250-750 kPa depending on the
type of paper being made. They are turned
inside and outside.
101
Dryer Section
102
Dryer Section
The cylinders are divided into steam groups (usually
four), where all the dryers within a group operate at
the same steam pressure.
The cylinders also divided into drive groups, each
group having one directly driven cylinder; the other
cylinders in each group are driven by gears or pulled
by a dryer fabric.
In modern issue machine drying is carried out on a
yankee cylinder. Yankee is a cast cylinder having a
diameter of 4 to 6 m and coded for a steam pressure
of about 1MPa.
103
Dryer Section
The Steam is supplied to and the condensate is removed
from the each cylinder.
The steam is introduced through a central pipe in the
back-side journals. Condensate is entrained by steam
through a syphon going to a pipe concentric to the steam
pipe. On wide machines syphons may be used at both
sides of the cylinders.
104
STEAM SUPPLY AND CONDENSATE REMOVAL ON A DRYING CYLINDER
BASIC CONCEPT
Dryer Section
In Dryer Section, also hydrogen bonding takes
place. As water is evaporated from the wall,
annular cracks in the wall makes the wall
thinner and stiffer. If the fiber are soft enough,
surface tension during drying collapses the
lumen and changes the tubular fibers into
bonds. These processes are not always
desirable and depends largely on
temperature. The changes can partly be
reversed by refining.
105
Calender Section
After Drying Section, paper is pressed in the
Calender section, by calender rolls.
Concept of pressing in the Calender Section, is
different than pressing of paper webs in the
Press Section.
Pressing in the Calender Section provides
ironing effect in the paper.
The calender rolls may be heated or unheated
depending on design.
106
Calender Section
107
Calender Section
108
Calender Section
Influencing parameters of calendering:
Number of nips
Compressive stress
Temperature or roll in the nip
Dwell time of the paper web in the nip
Hardness of soft covers
Surface properties of the rolls
109
Calender Section
Advantages of heated rolls over unheated rolls:
Better paper smoothness achieved at lower line
loads
Less loss in the bulk for a required smoothness.
Less line load required for given paper finish
Less damage to the paper fibers
Heat reduces the porosity of the sheet surface
Improved printability
Less temperature variations across the sheet
More uniform surface finish
110
Calender Section
111
Calender Section
Advantages of soft calendering 2x2 rolls:

Minimisation of two sidedness of paper
Wide load and temperature range
Quality range from very rough to very smooth 112
Pope Reel Section
After Calender Section, paper winding takes place in
the Pope Reel Section.
Pope reel shell is made of cast iron. Primary arms
swivel empty reel spool over pope reel into threading
position for reel spool changes and then into transfer
position on reel spool track. Secondary arms presses
spool against pope reel with controlled linear force
and pushes the full reel spool into final position. Full
reel spool brakes in end position by means of levers
and hydraulic shock absorbers.
113
Pope Reel Section
114
Doctor
One important part of paper making machine is
Doctor.
Doctor is basically a cleaner.

which cleans the different rolls.
For different rolls, doctors of different construction

and material are used.
apart from doctors, other cleaning arrangements are

also used at different sections of paper machines.
115
Doctor
116
Apart from these equipments, some optional
equipments are used, as per requirement:
Size Press/ Speed Sizer
Coater
After Dryer Section
After reeling in the Pope Reel Section, the
paper is again re-wound and cut to suit
customers requirements.
117
Paper
Today different quality of papers are used in the market, e.g.:
* Graphic Paper:
Newsprint
Super calendared
Light Weight Coated
Wood Free Coated
Wood Free Uncoated
* Board & Packaging:
Kraft Liner
Corrugated Medium
Folding Box Board, e.g. Cosmetic Pack
Liquid Packaging, e.g. milk cartoons
White Lined Chip Board
Sack Kraft
* Special Paper:
Cigarette Paper
Thermal Paper
Photo Base Paper
Dcor Paper
118

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WELCOME

Dr. Noaman Ul-Haq

Pulp is processed, cleaned and bleached

Consistency is an important term in Paper

The waste paper is slushed in a continuously

The pressure produced by

Dump Tower is basically a storage

High Density Cleaner Drum Screen

Floatation Cell Continues.

Floatation Cell Continues. 25

CL stands for Heavy & Light Weight

CL3 Reject Accept

After Cleaning, stock passes

Slot Screen Continues. 33

Reject from the first stage Slot

Slot Screen, the SLUDGE

accept goes to SLOT SCREEN

second stage Slot DISC

CL3 Reject Accept

Slot Screen Disc Filter

Disc Filter Continues. 38

CL3 Reject Accept

Disc Disperger: Disc Disperger

In Disc Disperger, movement of stock is in radial

COMPARISON OF CURL GENERATION

SPECIFIC DISPERSION ENERGY

while curl leads to loss to strength, some

RELATIVE CHANGE IN TENSILE STRENGTH

CL3 Reject Accept

Slot Screen Disc Filter Screw Press Heater Disperger

CL3 Reject Accept

Slot Screen Disc Filter Screw Press Heater Disperger

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

Macro & Broke

Complete mixing of all stock components, including

Macro & Broke

Macro mix takes place in the mixing pipe.

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

The kinetic energy of backflows is used to premix

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

In cleaner, dilution water is added in the

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

To keep pulsation away from headbox (Head box is

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

Slot Screen Break Tank

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

Slot Screen Break Tank

Pulsation Damping Tank

Stock Preparation Macro & Micro Mix

Slot Screen Break Tank

Pulsation Damping Tank

Calender Dryer Press

The Headbox is an equipment which discharges an uniform jet of

The functions of Headbox are :

FOURDRINIER WIRE SECTION

So after the nip, the press felt is contaminated with waste

Advantages of soft calendering 2x2 rolls:

Doctor is basically a cleaner.

For different rolls, doctors of different construction

apart from doctors, other cleaning arrangements are

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