GUNUNG API

BAHAYA,
BENCANA, DAN
MITIGASINYA
 Nilai positif gunung api
1. Menarik awan karena ketinggiannya
membawa hujan
2. Lereng-lereng terjal kawasan lindung;
lembahnya bisa dimanfaatkan secara
terbatas
3. Tanah subur; potensi geotermal; sulfur;
4. Banyak mata air, daerah resapan
5. Kontrol struktur terhadap akuifer atau
cebakan panas bumi
 Lava Flows
Streams of molten rock
Usually slow speed
Only a few mph
Can reach up to 60 mph
Intermediate to mafic composition
Most common
Hawaiian hazard;
leads to mostly
destruction of property
 LAVA !!
Volcanic Hazards!

Volcanic Hazards!

YA, BUKAN
LAHAR!
 Puu Oo and Kupaianaha
Started eruptions in 1983
By 2002, 189 structures
destroyed and 13 km of
highway covered with up to
25m of lava

Flow through 2002

 Pyroclastic Flows
Fluid avalanche of rock
material, hot ash and gas
Can form when eruption
columns collapse
Highly destructive
Typically faster than
80km/hr and up to 700C
Can incinerate, burn, and
asphyxiate people
 Lahars
Like pyroclastic flows, but with more
water
20-60% sediment: very turbulent
>80% sediment: smooth flow
- much faster than turbulent
- can float very large objects
Form from:
1) Snow/ice water mixed with debris
2) Pyroclastic flows mixed with river water
3) Rainfall on loose material (ash)
 Landslides
Large masses of
earth that fall, slide or
flow rapidly
Can trigger volcanic
explosions, lahars,
and tsunamis
Formed by weakening of slopes from volcanic
activity
- Magma intrusion, earthquakes, eruptions, intense rainfall

Large scale landsliding on south flank of Kilauea

causing south side of Hawaii to fall into the sea
 Tephra
Airborne volcanic rock
Consists of wide range of rock types
Larger rocks fall closer to volcano; ash can travel
thousands of kilometers
Bombs (>64mm), lapilli (2-64mm) and ash (<2mm)

Reticulite
Peles hair
 Volcanic Gases
Gases released: H20
vapor, CO2, SO2, HCl,
HF, H2S, CO, H2,
NH3, CH4 and SiF4
Formation of acid rain
(from SO2) can cause
water contamination
and plant damage
Prevailing winds can
blow gases
thousands of
kilometers away
 Earthquakes
Volcanic earthquakes: small; caused by eruptions
and movement of magma within the volcano
Tectonic earthquakes:
occur at base of volcano
or deep within the crust
- larger and more
destructive
April 2, 1868 7.9
magnitude earthquake;
most destructive in
Hawaiian history
 Ground cracks and settling

Cracks: ground cracks in the area of a new

eruption as magma is forced upwards
Can be 6 ft wide and a mile long
Form within hours
Settling: occurs near end of the eruption
Subsurface magma drains away and causes ground
to collapse
 Tsunamis
Giant ocean waves
Cause: earthquakes or giant
landslides
Klasifikasi Gunung Api di Indonesia
Tipe A: gunung api yang pernah meletus/erupsi
magmatik sejurang-kurangnya saru kali sesudah
tahun 1600
Tipe B: gunung api yang tidak atau velum lagi
terjadi erupsi magmatik setelah tahun 1600
tetapi memperlihatkan kegiatannya; misalnya
solfatara
Tipe C: gunung api yang erupsi tidak diketahui
dalam sejarah manusia,namun masih ada
tanda-tanda kegiatannya berupa lapangan
solfatara atau fumarola pada tingkat lemah
Volcanoes of the World Volcanoes of Indonesia Map

Volcanoes of Indonesia
Large red triangles show volcanoes with known or inferred Holocene eruptions; small red triangles mark volcanoes with
possible, but uncertain Holocene eruptions or Pleistocene volcanoes with major thermal activity. Yellow triangles
distinguish volcanoes of other regions.
 Gunung api
di Indonesia

Daerah Tipe Tipe Tipe Jumlah

A B C
Sumatra 13 12 6 31
Jawa 21 9 5 35
Bali 2 - - 2
Lombok 1 - - 1
Sumbawa 2 - - 2
Flores 16 3 5 24
L. Banda 8 1 - 9
Sulawesi 6 2 5 13
Sangihe 5 - - 5
Halmahera 5 2 - 7
79 29 21 129
PVMBG
 Tingkat aktivitas gunung api

1. Aktif Normal
(secara visual, kegempaan dan gejala vulkanik lainnya biasa-biasa saja)
2. Waspada
(terjadi peningkatan kegiatan, kelainan yang tampak secara visual, hasil
pemeriksaan kawah, kegempaan dan gejala vulkanik lainnya)
3. Siaga
Peningkatan semakin nyata secara visual, pemeriksaan kawah, dan
kegempaan; cenderung diikuti letusan
4. Awas
Menjelang letusan utama, letusan awal berupa abu/asap.
 Pembagian
Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB)
Gunung Api

(SNI 13-4689-1998 ICS 07.060)

Penyusunan Peta Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gunung Api

KRB I # Daerah Waspada, atau Daerah Bahaya ke-2

KRB II # Daerah Bahaya, atau Daerah Bahaya ke-1

KRB III # Daerah Terlarang

 KRB I
1. Kawasan berpotensi terlanda lahar/banjir perluasan
awan panas dan aliran lava
2. Kawasan berpotensi tertimpa jatuhan hujan abu dan
lontaran batu pijar
3. Dibagi 2:
akibat 1 sepanjang sungai / di dekat lembah sungai
atau di bagian hilir sungai yang berhulu di puncak;
akibat 2 radius tertentu tanpa mempergatikan arah
tiupan angin.
4. Masyarakat perlu meningkatkan kewaspadaan jika ada
erupsi atau hujan lebat; dan menunggu petunjuk dari
yang berwenang
 KRB II
1. Kawasan berpotensi terlanda awan panas, aliran lava,
lontaran atau guguran batu pijar, hujan abu lebat,
hujan lumpur (panas), aliran lahar, dan gas berracun
2. Dibagi 2:
akibat 1 kawasan dengan radius/jarak tertentu
berpotensi terlanda awan panas, aliran lava, guguran
batu (pijar), aliran lahar, dan gas berracun
akibat 2 Kawasan dengan radius/jarak tertentu
berpotensi terlanda lontaran batu pijar, hujan abu
lebat, dan hujan lumpur (panas)
3. Masyarakat diharuskan mengungsi jika terjadi
peningkatan kegiatan gunung api, sampai daerah ini
dinyatakan aman kembali (atas perintah yang
berwenang)
 KRB III
1. Kawasan berpotensi sering terlanda awan panas,
aliran lava, lontaran atau guguran batu pijar, dan gas
berracun
2. Kawasan ini hanya diperuntukan bagi gunung api yang
sangat giat dan sering meletus
3. Tidak diperkenankan untuk hunian dan aktivitas apa
pun yang dinyatakan oleh yang berwenang.
 Toba Caldera
+2157 m
2o350N - 98o500E

Toba, the Earth's largest Quaternary caldera, is seen here in a false-color satellite
image. The 35 x 100 km caldera, partially filled by Lake Toba, was formed during
four major ignimbrite-forming eruptions in the Pleistocene, the latest of which
occurred about 74,000 years ago. The large island of Samosir is a resurgent
uplifted block. The solfatarically active Pusukbukit volcano was later constructed
near the south-central caldera rim, and Tandukbenua volcano on the NW rim may
be only a few hundred years old.
Landsat image, 1987 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration/EOSAT).
 Krakatau

The renowned Krakatau volcano lies in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and
Java. The historic eruption of 1883 destroyed much of Krakatau Island, forming a
submarine caldera and producing detonations that were heard as far away as
Australia. Rakata Island in the background is the truncated rim of the 1883
caldera. Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) in the foreground is a post-caldera
cone that first breached the surface of the sea in 1928 and has been in frequent
activity since then. The black lava flow at the right side of the photo was erupted
in 1975.
Photo courtesy Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1979.
Krakatau 1883
 Berouw
BBC, 2001

Edvard Munch The Scream

ca. 1893
G. Kapi (?): Krakatau Awal
Anak Krakatau
(lahir 1927)
 Tangkubanparahu

The broad, shield-like stratovolcano Tangkubanparahu, known in local legend

as the mountain of the "upturned boat," dominates the skyline immediately
north of Indonesia's former capital city of Bandung. The volcano is truncated by
the 6 x 8 km Pleistocene Sunda caldera. A series of nine overlapping craters
forming a 1 x 1.5 km wide elliptical depression at the summit of a post-caldera
cone are a popular tourist destination. Only minor phreatic eruptions have
occurred in historical time.
Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Guntur

Gunung Guntur at the right center, the youngest cone of the

Guntur volcanic complex, consists of a younger SW part with
cones lying along a NW-SE trend, and an older, more eroded
complex to the NW. Youthful lava flows can be seen on the lower
right-hand flanks of Guntur, whose name means "thunder," a
reflection of frequent eruptions in the 19th century. The complex
volcanic massif is one of many volcanoes ringing the plain of
Garut, one of the oldest tourist destinations in Indonesia, once
known as the "Switzerland of Java."
Photo by Ruska Hadian, 1988 (Volcanological Survey of
Indonesia).
G. Guntur
 Papandayan

Volcano Type: Stratovolcano; vollcano Status: Historical; Last Known Eruption: 2002
Summit Elevation: 2665 m 8,743 feet; Latitude: 7.32S 719'0"S; Longitude: 107.73E 10744'0"E
Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano with four large summit craters, the youngest of which was
breached to the NE by collapse during a brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole fields.
The broad 1.1-km-wide, flat-floored Alun-Alun crater truncates the summit of Papandayan, and
Gunung Puntang to the north gives the volcano a twin-peaked appearance. Several episodes of
collapse have given the volcano an irregular profile and produced debris avalanches that have
impacted lowland areas beyond the volcano. A sulfur-encrusted fumarole field occupies historically
active Kawah Mas ("Golden Crater"). After its first historical eruption in 1772, in which collapse of the
NE flank produced a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3000
persons, only small phreatic eruptions had occurred prior to an explosive eruption that began in
November 2002
 Galunggung

The low, forested volcano of Galunggung in western Java is cut by a 2 x 6 km

breached crater formed by a massive slope failure that created the "Ten Thousand
Hills of Tasikmalaya" at the foot of the volcano. Historical eruptions have been
infrequent, but have caused much devastation. This view from within the breached
crater shows the low Gunung Jadi cone in front of the crater headwall and lahar
channels on the Cikunir River from the 1982-1983 eruption.
(Photo by Ruska Hadian, 1983 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
G. Galunggung
 Merapi

Merapi stratovolcano in central Java is capped by an unvegetated, growing lava-

dome complex. The modern edifice of Merapi, at the left in this view, is
constructed to the SE of the arcuate scarp on the right formed by destruction of
the older Batulawang volcano. Merapi is one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. Periodic collapse of its growing lava dome has produced pyroclastic
flows and lahars that have devastated populated areas below the volcano.
Photo by Yustinus Sulistiyo, 1994 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
 Semeru

The symmetrical Semeru volcano rises to 3676 m, the highest point in Java. This
1985 view from the SE shows Semeru rising dramatically above the coastal plain
during one of its frequent small explosive eruptions. Larger eruptions occasionally
produce pyroclastic flows and lahars that reach as far as the lower flanks of the
volcano. Semeru (also known as Mahameru--"Great Mountain") has been in
continuous activity since 1967.
Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1985 (U.S. Geological Survey).
G. Merapi

G. Semeru
 Tengger Caldera

Bromo volcano steams at the left in this view from the rim of Ngadisari caldera, the
older of two Tengger calderas. The pyroclastic cones of Bromo and the conical,
parasol-ribbed Batok in the lower center, are two of several post-caldera cones of
Tengger caldera. The towering conical peak of Semeru, Java's highest volcano,
appears in the background at the end of a long N-S trending volcanic massif.
Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia.
G. Kelud
 Agung

Agung volcano towers over the eastern end of the island of Bali. A
steep-walled, 200-m-deep crater is located at the summit of the
3142-m-high volcano, seen here from the Sakta River on the
eastern flank. Only three eruptions have been recorded in historical
time from Gunung Agung; the latest, during 1963-64, produced
devastating pyroclastic flows and lahars.
Photo by Tom Pierson, 1989 (U.S. Geological Survey).
 Batur

Batur volcano on the island of Bali was constructed within a 7.5-km-wide inner
caldera whose SE margin is obscured beneath the foreground caldera lake,
which fills part of the SE floor of an outer 10 x 13 km wide caldera. Batur
stratovolcano was constructed as a result of eruptions along a NE-SW-trending
line of vents. Historical lava flows have formed much of the far lake shore in this
view.
Photo by Sumarna Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
G. Batur
 Lava 1963
Blocky lava

Blocky lava Aliran lava Dawn in Bali

 Tambora

Tambora volcano on Indonesia's Sumbawa Island was the site of the world's
largest historical eruption in April 1815. This aerial view from the NW shows the 6-
km-wide caldera truncating the 2850-m summit of the massive volcano. Pyroclastic
flows during the 1815 eruption reached the sea on all sides of the 60-km-wide
volcanic peninsula and the ejection of large amounts of tephra caused world-wide
temperature declines in 1815 and 1816.
Photo by Rizal Dasoeki, 1986 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
 Kelimutu

Kelimutu, a small volcano on Flores Island, is noted for its three crater lakes of
different colors. This aerial view from the SW shows Tiwu Ata Mbupu (Lake of
Old People) at the lower left, and the double craters of Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Tai
(Lake of Young Men and Maiden) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched, or Enchanted
Lake) at the upper right. Water color varies periodically, but is often blue, green,
and red, respectively. Phreatic eruptions have occurred from the middle lake in
historical time.
Photo by Tom Casadevall (U.S. Geological Survey).
 Colo Una-Una

Ash mantles the summit of Colo volcano after a powerful explosive eruption in 1983.
The volcano forms the isolated island of Una-Una in the middle of the Gulf of Tomini
in northern Sulawesi. The broad, low volcano is truncated by a 2-km-wide caldera
that contains a small central cone. Only three eruptions have been recorded in
historical time. The last eruption, in 1983, produced pyroclastic flows that swept over
most of the island shortly after all residents had been evacuated.
Photo by M.S. Santoso, 1983 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
 Soputan

The small Soputan stratovolcano, seen here from the west, was
constructed on the southern rim of the Quaternary Tondano caldera in
northern Sulawesi Island. The youthful, largely unvegetated Soputan
volcano is one of Sulawesi's most active volcanoes. During historical
time the locus of eruptions has included both the summit crater and
Aeseput, a prominent NE flank vent that formed in 1906 and was the
source of intermittent major lava flows until 1924.
Photo by Agus Solihin (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
 Gamalama

Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly

NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of
northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the
summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the
Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of
the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th
century.
Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey).
 dan kamu memandang gunung-gunung itu,
kamu sangka dia tidak bergerak,
padahal ia berlalu laksana beraraknya awan

(Al Quran: An Naml: 88)