TEAM # 8

MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS
Maxwell's equations are a set of four equations that completely describe
electromagnetic phenomena. The great contribution of James Clerk Maxwell
was to gather in these equations long years of experimental results, due to
Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday and others, introducing the concepts of
field and displacement current, and unifying the electric and magnetic fields
in a single Concept: the electromagnetic field.

In this case we will only see the law of faraday-lens

 LENZ LAW
Lenz's law is a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy
applied to electromagnetic induction. While Faraday's law tells us the
magnitude of the EMF produced, Lenz's law tells us in which direction the
current flows, and establishes that the direction is always such that it opposes
the change of flow that produces it. This means that each magnetic field
generated by an induced current goes in the opposite direction to the
change in the original field.
Typically we incorporate Lenz's law into Faraday's law with a minus sign,
which allows us to use the same coordinate system for the flow and the EMF.
Sometimes we refer to the result as the law of Faraday-Lenz,
THE LAW OF FARADAY-LENS
This is one of Maxwell's equations, which make up the fundamental equations of
electromagnetism. Faraday's law, together with the other laws of electromagnetism, was
incorporated into Maxwell's equations, thus unifying electromagnetism.
faraday's law states that if a flow passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the
turn of the wire, proportional to the rate of change in the flow in relation to time

where E is the voltage induced in the return of the coil and is the flow that passes through
the return, if a coil has N number of turns and the same flow for all of them the formula is used.
 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
The electromotive force, or EMF, refers to the potential difference through the
discharged loop, that is, when the resistance in the circuit is high. In practice it
is often sufficient to think of the EMF as a voltage, since both the voltage and
the EMF are measured with the same unit, volt.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a current can be induced
by a change in the magnetic field.
as we have already seen the force experienced by moving charges within a
magnetic field. The force experienced by a wire through which current flows
due to electrons in motion when in the presence of a magnetic field. This
process also works the other way around. Either moving a wire through a
magnetic field or changing the magnitude of the magnetic field over time
can cause a current to flow.
SELF INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
When this emf is induced in the same circuit in which the current is changing
this effect is called Self-induction, ( L ). However, when the emf is induced
into an adjacent coil situated within the same magnetic field, the emf is said
to be induced magnetically, inductively or by Mutual induction, symbol ( M
). Then when two or more coils are magnetically linked together by a
common magnetic flux they are said to have the property of Mutual
Inductance.
Mutual Inductance is the basic operating principal of the transformer, motors,
generators and any other electrical component that interacts with another
magnetic field. Then we can define mutual induction as the current flowing in
one coil that induces a voltage in an adjacent coil.

But mutual inductance can also be a bad thing as stray or leakage

inductance from a coil can interfere with the operation of another adjacent
component by means of electromagnetic induction, so some form of
electrical screening to a ground potential may be required.
The mutual inductance that exists between the two coils can be greatly increased by
positioning them on a common soft iron core or by increasing the number of turns of
either coil as would be found in a transformer.

If the two coils are tightly wound one on top of the other over a common soft iron
core unity coupling is said to exist between them as any losses due to the leakage of
flux will be extremely small. Then assuming a perfect flux linkage between the two coils
the mutual inductance that exists between them can be given as.

mutual inductance equation

Where:
o is the permeability of free space (4..10-7)
r is the relative permeability of the soft iron core
N is in the number of coil turns
A is in the cross-sectional area in m2
l is the coils length in meters
 COILS OR INDUCTORS IN SERIES
In many cases it is necessary to group the value of several coils or inductors that are
connected in series or parallel. The following is presented below for its simplification.
The calculation of the inductor or equivalent coil (LT) of inductors in series is similar to the
calculation method of the equivalent of series resistors, it is only necessary to add them.
In the diagram that follows, there are 3 inductors or coils in series. The formula to be used is:
(summation of the values of the inductors): LT = L1 + L2 + L3
Good for this particular case. But if you wanted to put more than 2 or 3 inductors, you would
use the following formula: LT = L1 + L2 + L3 + ...... + LN, where N is the number of coils placed in
series
 COILS / INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL
The calculation of the equivalent inductor of several coils in parallel is similar to the calculation
made when working with capacitors.
The case presented is for 3 inductors and is calculated with the following formula: 1 / LT = 1 /
L1 + 1 / L2 + 1 / L3
Calculation of the equivalent inductor of inductors in parallel - Coils or inductors in series and
parallel

But the formula can be generalized for any number of inductors, with the following formula: 1 / LT = 1 /
L1 + 1 / L2 + 1 / L3 + .... 1 / LN, where N is the number of inductors that connect in parallel.
 RL CIRCUIT
A LR Series Circuit consists basically of an inductor of inductance L connected
in series with a resistor of resistance R. The resistance R is the DC resistive value
of the wire turns or loops that goes into making up the inductors coil. Consider
the LR series circuit below
 THE NATURAL RESPONSE OF A CIRCUIT
The natural response of a circuit is what the circuit does when it is not under external influences. It is the
most basic behavior of the circuit. When we place it in a larger circuit, the natural response plays a
fundamental role in the general behavior.

For a resistor-inductor circuit, if the inductor has an initial current, I0 it will decrease exponentially
according to the equation

Where I0 is the current at time T= 0.A We call this the natural response of the circuit.

The time constant for a circuit RL is

 MAGNETIC ENERGY
Magnetic energy is a natural phenomenon by which objects exert forces of
attraction or repulsion on other materials. There are some known materials
that have easily detectable magnetic properties such as nickel, iron, cobalt
and their alloys that are commonly called magnets. However, all materials
are influenced, in greater or lesser way, by the presence of a magnetic field.
 TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
There are multiple behavior of magnetic materials, the main ones are:
ferromagnetism, diamagnetism and paramagnetism. In materials
diamagnetism the distribution of each atom is such that the global
cancellation of magnetic effects occurs, but if the material is introduced into
an induced field, the body acquires a weak magnetization and in the
opposite direction to the conductive field. In the paramagnetic materials do
not present the global cancellation of magnetic effects, therefore each
atom that constitutes it works as a small magnet.