CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY
UNIT 1 construction systems
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
DEFINITION:
The term structural system or structural frame refers to load
resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system
transfers loads through interconnected structural components or members.
Many different structural systems are used in architecture. The type of
system used depends on the building's needs. The height of the
building, its load bearing capacity, the soil specifications and the
building materials all dictate the proper structural system needed for
a building. In particular, structural systems have evolved to focus on
building up as undeveloped land has become scarce.
rock and stone Precast Concrete
wood frame Reinforced Concrete
steel truss and frame Pre - stressed Concrete
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Column-Beam-Slab System is been

used in all superstructures with new
technology, and construction
materials. Generally the load of the
BEAM AND slab is transferred to the columns or
COLUMN walls through the beams, down to the
foundation, and then to the
supporting soil beneath.
A beam is a structural member which
spans horizontally between supports
and carries loads which act at right
angles to the length of the beam.

Framing, in construction, is the

FRAME fitting together of pieces to give a
structure support and shape.
Framing materials are usually wood,
engineered wood, or structural
steel.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ELEMENTS

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of

(usually) straight interconnected structural
elements
TRUSS
The individual elements are connected at
nodes
Trusses are used in a broad range of
buildings, mainly where there is a
requirement for very long spans, such as in
airport terminals, aircraft hangers, sports
stadia roofs, auditoriums and other leisure
buildings. Trusses are also used to carry
heavy loads and are sometimes used as
transfer structures
ARCH An arch is a curved structural form that
carries loads around an opening,
transferring them around the profile of
the arch to abutments, jambs or piers on
either side.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

WALL
AND
PLATE

A wall plate is a load-bearing structural member used horizontally and part of

a timber framework.
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
AND VAULT

Shell roofs are made from structural skins where the shell material is thin in section relative to
the other dimensions of the roof and undergoes relatively little deformation under load.
They are commonly used where a building interior needs to be free from intermediate walls
or columns that might support a more conventional flat or pitched roof, such as; libraries,
theatres, leisure centres, airport and railway terminals, and so on.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

SPHERICAL
SHELL AND
DOME

Domes are self supporting structures they take the form of an arch distributing external
loads around the sides and down to the foundations. They are tightly compacted by
gravity and any external loads are carried by the compressive forces that develop
internally

CABLE
AND ROD

Tension rods provide an efficient means of transferring large forces over long distances with a
minimal quantity of material. Tension systems often work at high proportions of their tensile
strength and a single failure on one of the connectors raises the possibility of progressive
collapse.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

MEMBRANE
TENT AND NET

AIR SUPPORTED STRUCTURE:

A structure wherein the shape of the structure is attained by air
pressure and occupants of the structure within the elevated pressure
area.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE :
Air inflated, air supported, cable or frame
covered structure
TENT:
Any structure, enclosure or structure or shelter, other than the canopy,
with or without the side walls or drops constructed of fabrics or
pliable supported by any manner except by air.
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

GEOMETRY

PLANAR CURVILINEAR
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STIFFNESS

RIGID FLEXIBLE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

SPAN TYPE

ONE WAY TWO WAY

LOADING IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Primary Load
Dead Load

Live Load

Secondary Load
Wind Load

Water Load

Snow Load

Seismic Load (Earthquake)

Thermal Load
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE CONTRUCTION

Pre stressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction

which is "pre-stressed" by being placed under compression prior to supporting any
loads beyond its own dead weight.
Reinforced concrete, stresses are carried by the steel reinforcement,
whereas pre stressed concrete supports the load by induced stresses throughout the
entire structural element.
This makes it more resistant to shock and vibration than ordinary concrete, and able
to form long, thin structures with much smaller sectional areas to support
equivalent loads.
It is now commonly used for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as well
as structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways.
Generally, prestressed concrete is not necessary for columns and walls, however, it
can be used economically for tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending
stresses.
As a general rule, traditional reinforced concrete is the most economic method for a
span of up to 6 m. Prestressed concrete is more economical when spans are over 9
m. Between 6 and 9 m, the two options must be considered according to the
particular requirements as to which is the most suitable option.
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

PRE-TENSIONING
POST-TENSIONING
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

PRE-TENSIONING

In pre-tensioning the tendons are tensioned against

some abutments before the concrete is placed.
after the concrete hardend, the tension force is
released. the tendons tries back to shrink back to
the initial length but the concrete resists it through
the bond between them, thus compression force is
induced in concrete.pre tensioning is usually done
with precast.
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

POST-TENSIONING CONCRETE

In post tension tendons are tensioned after the

concrete hardened. commonly metal or plastic
ducts are placed inside the concrete before
casting. After the concrete hardened and had
enough strength,the tendons are placed inside
the duct, stressed and anchored against
concrete. grout may be injected into the duct
later. This can be either done in pre cast or cast
in situ.
 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

ADVANTAGES
The inherent compressive strength of concrete is used to its fullest.
Rapid construction
Better quality control
Reduced maintanance
Suitable for repetative construction
The special alloy steels used to form the prestressing tendons are used to their fullest.
Tension cracks are eliminated, reducing the risk of the steel components corroding.
Shear stresses are reduced.
For any given span and loading condition a reduction in weight can be achieved from using a
component with a smaller cross section.
A composite member can be formed by joining individual precast concrete units together.
Larger span possible
Increased in durability
Multiple use of formwork
Reduction of formwork
Availability of standard shape
PRE STRESSED CONCRETE

DISADVANTAGES
A high degree of workmanship and control is required.
The use high strength material is costly
Need for quality control and inspection
Special alloy steels are more expensive than
traditional steels used in reinforced concrete.
Expensive equipment is needed and there are complex safety
requirements
PRECAST CONCRETE

The concept of precast construction includes those buildings,

where the majority of structural components are standardized and
produced in plants in a location away from the building, and then
transported to the site for assembly. These components are manufactured
by industrial methods based on mass production in order to build a large
number of buildings in a short time at low cost.
PRECAST CONCRETE

The main features of this construction process are as follows:

The division and specialization of the human workforce

The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually

automated, in the production of standard, interchangeable parts
and products
Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete erection is faster
and less affected by adverse weather conditions.
Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high quality control and
greater control on finishes
This type of construction requires a restructuring of entire
conventional construction process to enable interaction between
design phase and production planning in order to improve and
speed up construction
PRECAST CONCRETE

TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS

Depending on the load-bearing structure,
precast systems can be divided into the following
categories:
Large-panel systems
Frame systems
Slab-column systems with walls
Mixed systems
PRECAST CONCRETE

LARGE PANEL SYSTEM:

The designation large-panel system refers to multistory
structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the
vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces
for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure. Both vertical
and horizontal panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are usually one story high.
Horizontal floor and roof panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When
properly joined together, these horizontal elements act as diaphragms that transfer
the lateral loads to the walls
PRECAST CONCRETE

Depending on wall layout , there are three basic configurations of

large-panel buildings:
Cross-wall systems main wall resists gravity and lateral loads in short
direction
Longitudinal wall systems wall resisting gravity and lateral loads on
longitudinal direction
Two-way systems walls are placed in both directions.
PRECAST CONCRETE

FRAME SYSTEMS:
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or
spatial beam column sub-assemblages. linear elements are generally preferred
because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and erecting spatial
elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces
at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns,
for ease of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column.
The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged.
PRECAST CONCRETE SYSYTEM

SLAB COLUMN SYSTEM WITH SHEAR WALLS:

These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load
effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads.
There are two main systems in this category:
Lift-slab system with walls
Pre-stressed slab-column system
LIFT SLAB SYSTEM WITH WALLS:
In the Lift slab system, the load-bearing structure consists of
precast reinforced concrete columns and slabs,.
Precast columns are usually two stories high.
All precast structural elements are assembled by means
of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured
on the ground in forms, one on top of the other.
 PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEM

PRE-STRESSED SLAB COLUMN SYSTEM:

The pre-stressed slab-column system
uses horizontal pre-stressing in two
orthogonal directions to achieve continuity.
The precast concrete column elements are
1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete
floor slabs fit the clear span between
columns. After erecting the slabs and
columns of a story, the columns and floor
slabs are pre-stressed by means of pre-
stressing tendons that pass through ducts in
the columns at the floor level and along
the gaps left between adjacent slabs.
After pre-stressing, the gaps between the
slabs are filled with in situ concrete and
the tendons then become bonded with the
spans. Seismic loads are resisted mainly by
the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place)
positioned between the columns at
appropriate locations.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

PRECAST SLABS

PRECAST BEAM &

GRIDERS

PRECAST
COLUMNS
PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

PRECAST WALL PRECAST STAIRCASE UNIQUELY SHAPED STRUCTURAL

ELEMENTS IN SPORTS STADIUM
ADVANTAGES
OF PRECAST
CONCRETE
PRECAST CONCRETE

PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AND SEISMIC DESIGN

There is a general concern regarding the seismic
performance of precast construction. It is noticed that large
panel construction performs better than frame system.
However, in areas of high seismic risk, structures must be
designed to respond safely to the dynamic forces imparted
into the structure. Innovations in joint design are improving the
connection systems in precast concrete structures and making
them increasingly suitable for use in such areas.
PRE-FABRICATION SYSTEMS

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling

components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing
site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to
the construction site where the structure is to be located.
This work is carried out in two stages,
manufacturing of components in a place other than final
location and their erection in position.
PRECAST CONCRETE DESIGN
PRE-FABRICATION SYSTEM

Precast concrete requires certain stages of

preparation. They are
Casting.
Curing.
Transportation and erection.
 PRE-FABRICATION SYSTEM

Casting: - Precast components are casted with

controlled cement concrete in moulds of required
shape and sizes. The vibrator is used to vibrate
concrete and this removes any honeycombing
inside the components.
Curing: - After 24 hours of casting, the casted
components are released from the mould and
transported to curing tanks.
Certain special components like railway sleepers
where high strength is required are steam cured.

Transportation and erection: - After complete

curing is done the components are transported to
the site with heavy trucks and erection will be done
using cranes
PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS

COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION

PRECAST CONCRETE DESIGN
PREFABRICATION SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION:
Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel
and glass panels is required.
Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining
of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint
Similarly leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than
for the materials of which they are made which can often be packed more
efficiently.
Large prefabricated structures require heavy-duty cranes & precision
measurement and handling to place in position.
DDA Housing Project 50,000 houses in Delhi
MODULAR COORDINATION

Modular coordination is a concept for coordinating

dimension and space for which building and component are dimensionally
it used and positioned in basic units (or) modules. The standard specify that
the module basic M = 100 mm . As the basic unit be used in a square of
M
 MODULAR COORDINATION

Modular coordination means the interdependent arrangement of a dimension based on a primary value accepted as a
module. The strict observance of rules of modular coordination facilitated,
1.Assembly of single components into large components.
2. Fewest possible different types of component.
3. Minimum wastage of cutting needed.
Modular coordination is the basis for a standardization of a mass production of component. A set of rules would be adequate
for meeting the requirements of conventional and prefabricated construction. These rules are adaptable for,
a.The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be
1. 3M for residential and institutional buildings,
2. For industrial buildings,
15M for spans up to 12m
30M for spans between 12m and 18m
60M for spans over 18m
The centre lines of load bearing walls shall coincide with the grid lines
b. In case of external walls the grid lines shall coincide with the centre line of the wall or a line on the wall 5 cm from the
internal face of the wall
C. The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M up to and including a ht of 2.8M.
d. Preferred increments foa the still heights,doors,windows and other fenestration shall be 1M.
e. In case of internal coluums the grid lines shall coincide with the centre lines of columns.In case of external columns,the grid
lines shall coincide with the centre lines of the columns in the storey or a line in the column from the internal face of the
column in the topmost storey.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE