Immunology of

Infectious Diseases
Agung Dwi Wahyu Widodo
Denny PNH Margono
Immunology of Viral Infection
Viral Infection

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Biological Spectrum of Viral Infections
Spreading Infection
 Innate Immunity to Viruses
The principal mechanisms of innate
immunity against viruses are inhibition of
infection by type I interferons and NK
cellmediated killing of infected cells.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Viruses

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Adaptive Immunity to Viruses
Adaptive immunity against viral infections is
mediated by antibodies, which block virus
binding and entry into host cells, and by CTLs,
which eliminate the infection by killing infected
cells
Elimination of viruses that reside within cells is
mediated by CTLs, which kill the infected cells.
In latent infections, viral DNA persists in host
cells but the virus does not replicate or kill
infected cells.
In some viral infections, tissue injury may be
caused by CTLs.
Killing by CTLs

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Innate and adaptive immune responses
against viruses
 Generation of new influenza virus strains by
genetic recombination (antigenic shift)

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Immunology of Bacterial Infection
Biological Spectrum of Bacterial Infections

Evans, 2008
Extracellular Bacteria Infection

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

PAMPs and Pattern of Pathogenesis
Bacterial Cell Walls : PAMPs
Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O, 2006, Cell 124, 783801
 Innate Immunity to Extracellular
Bacteria
The principal mechanisms of innate
immunity to extracellular bacteria :
Complement activation
Activation of phagocytes and
inflammation
Complement Systems

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Phagocytosis Mechanism

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

 Adaptive Immunity to Extracellular
Bacteria
Humoral immunity against extracellular bacteria:
To block infection
To eliminate the microbes
To neutralize their toxins
Cellular immunity against extracellular bacteria:
The protein antigens of extracellular bacteria
also activate CD4+ helper T cells, which
produce cytokines:
induce local inflammation
enhance the phagocytic and microbicidal
activities of macrophages and neutrophils
stimulate antibody production
Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012
Opsonization by Antibody

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Antibody Dependent Cell
Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Intracellular Bacteria Infection

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

 Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria
The innate immune response to
intracellular bacteria is mediated mainly by
phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
The major protective immune response
against intracellular bacteria is T cell
mediated immunity
The macrophage activation that occurs in
response to intracellular microbes is
capable of causing tissue injury.
Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria

Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, 2012

Immunology of Fungal Infection
Infeksi Fungi
Fungal Infection

Romani, 2004
 Innate Immunity to Fungi
The principal mediators of innate immunity
against fungi are neutrophils and
macrophages.
Phagocytes and dendritic cells sense fungal
organisms by TLRs and lectin-like receptors
called dectins
Neutrophils presumably liberate fungicidal
substances, such as reactive oxygen species
and lysosomal enzymes, and phagocytose
fungi for intracellular killing.
Innate and Adaptive
Immunity to Fungal
Infection

Romani, 2004
 Adaptive Immunity to Fungi
Cell-mediated immunity is the major mechanism
of adaptive immunity against fungal infections.
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells cooperate to eliminate
the yeast forms of Fungi
The TH17 cells stimulate inflammation, and the
recruited neutrophils and monocytes destroy the
fungi.
TH1 responses are protective in intracellular
fungal infections.
Fungi also elicit specific antibody responses
that are of protective value.
 Conclusion
Infection induced Innate and Adaptive
Immune Respons
Innate: Phagocytes, NK Cell (Cellular) and
Complement, Interferon (Humoral)
Adaptive: THelper (Cellular) and
Antibodies (Humoral)