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ADHOC NETWORKS
By M.K.HAK

1
INTRODUCTION
 Adhoc networks are formed by devices that are able to
communicate with each other using a wireless physical
medium without having to resort to pre-existing network
infrastructure.
 These are also known as MANETS ie Mobile Adhoc
Networks.
Fundamental characteristics of ADHOC networks
They are able to configure themselves on the fly without the
intervention of a centralized administration.

The terminals in ADHOC networks can function not only as end

systems (executing applications, sending information) as source
nodes and receiving the data as destination nodes.

They also act as intermediate system i.e. forwarding the packets from
the other nodes.

ADHOC networks are also called multi -hop wireless networks.

 It is therefore possible that two nodes will communicate
even when they are outside of each others transmission
Ranges ,Because the intermediate nodes will function as
Routers. That is why Wireless networks are called Multi-
hop AD-HAC networks

Compared to cellular networks ADHOC networks are more

capable to changing demands and physical conditions.
Attenuation characteristics of wireless networks are non
linear.
Energy efficiency will be potentially superior and the
increased spatial reuse will yield superior capacity with
increased spectral efficiency.
These characteristics make ADHOC networks attractive and
is tightly linked to heterogeneous network and 4G
architecture.
Challenges in adhoc networks
 The need for self configurability and flexibility at
various levels i.e. (Dynamic Routing or distributed MAC
arrangements).
 Gross layer optimization can significantly improve the
system performance.
 Classification of AD-HOC Networks
 Depending on their communication range the wireless
AD-HOC networks can be classified into BAN ( Body
area Networks these networks having a range of 2
meters.) PAN ( Personal Area Networks having the range
of 10 Meters) & WLAN ( Wireless Local Area networks
having the range of hundreds of meters)
 For WLAN the main option is the family of standards
i.e. IEEE 802.11
 The main existing technology for implementing BANs
and PANs is Bluetooth.
 The Fundamental characteristics of ADHOC networks
 The fundamental characteristics of ADHOC Networks are that
they are able to configure themselves on the fly without the
centralized intervention.
 The terminals in AD-HOC networks can function not only as end
systems ( Executing the applications, sending information as
source NODES & receiving the Data as destination nodes)
 It is there fore possible that two nodes can communicate even
when they are outside each others transmission range because the
intermediate nodes will function as Routers. That is why ADHOC
networks are called Multi band ADHOC Networks.

 These networks when compared with cellular networks are more

capable to changing traffic demands & physical conditions. The
attenuation characteristics of the wireless media are non linear,
energy efficiency will be potentially superior
 & the increased spatial re-use will yield superior capacity&
thus increase the spectral efficiency. These characteristics make
the ADHOC networks .attractive for pervasive
communications, a concept that is tightly linked to
heterogeneous networks & 4G architecture.
 The need for self configurability & flexibility
 Configurability & flexibility at various levels ( for example
dynamic routing or distributed medium access control ) poses
many new challenges in wireless ADHOC networks, cross layer
optimization can significantly improve system performance.
 Depending upon their communication range the Wireless
ADHOC Networks can be classified into BAN,( Body area
networks) PAN ( Personal area network) & WLAN ( Wireless
local area network)
The main existing technology for implementing BAN & PAN
networks is blue tooth & for WLAN the standard is I.E.E.E
802.11
 Routing is the most active research field in the adhoc
networks as it is related with different communication layers
 Minimizing the hops is no longer the objective of the routing
algorithm but optimization of multiple parameters such as
packets error rate over the route, energy consumption,
network survivability, routing overheads, possibility of
establishing a parallel route etc.
 We compare the different types of proposed routing
algorithms & as an example we illustrate the functioning of
non location based on demand uni-cast routing protocol in
AD-HOC networks i .e DSR.
 WE make use of different types of Protocols in AD-HOC
networks, for example two disjoint routes may have mutual
influence if the node of one route is within the transmission
range of the node in the other route which has an impact on
the construction of parallel routes
 Use of TCP over wireless links poses many problems
& also it results in additional problems for wireless links.
Communication over wireless multi-hop networks inherits these problems
but also introduces some additional issues, the nodes mobility introduces
unfairness between TCP flows
Route failure leads to un-necessary congestion
control & MAC contention reduces throughput in the
long route
 Power awareness
: since most of the w/l terminals can be expected to have
limited energy storage, power awareness is very
important.
 This subject spans over several communication layers so
attention is given to different power saving approaches.
 The objectives are not only the reduction of transmission
power but also the management of sleep states or
extention of network survivability through the routing
which is energy aware ..
 1

 However if the medium remains idle for this period the

station will go to the back off state.
 When entering the back off state MS selects back off
interval (BI) between zero and the contention window
period (CW).
 CW is the integer no of basic tine slots, if the medium
remains idle for the duration of BI time (i.e the value of
chosen BI minus the elapsed time since entering the back
off state).
Carrier sensed multiple access technique/collision
detection.
 When the mobile gets a frame to transmit, it first senses the channel
to determine whether another MS is transmitting.
 If MS senses the channel to be idle for a period which is equal to
the inter space frame, then it starts transmitting the frame.
 When it senses the channel to be busy it will differ the
transmission and the station will keep on sensing the channel.
 At the point of time when the media becomes idle the station will
continue sensing and will wait for the period which is equal to
inter frame space to elapse again. If the medium becomes busy
during this period, the station will go to the deffering state again.
 Collision will occur if two or more MS’s select the same
BW provided the condition stated above , that the frame
coexist spatially at one or more of the receiving stations.
 When the collision occurs the station that have caused
the collision senses the medium again for the inter frame
space and go again to back off state. Selecting a new BI.
Randomly with the value of contention window period
doubled
The other station which stored their remaining BI times
aAso waits for inter frame space and then go to the back off state.

Basic principal

Mobile devices communicate in Peer to Peer fashion.

Self organizing network without the need to fixed network
infrastructure.
  Multi-hop communication.
 Decentralized mobility-adaptive operation. This is the art
of networking without a network .

Applications
Accident warning
Floating car data
Multi-hop extensions of Info stations.
Application for wireless sensor networks
Temperature. Measurement details
Detect vibrations
Make photos.
Environmental monitoring
Intrusion detection , detection of bush fires , earth quake warning.
ADHOC NETWORKS

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 Medical sector : Monitoring of body functions and Implants.

 Biological sector : Animal tracking , undersea exploration

 Industrial sector : Remote sensing in power plants

 Home automation : Remote monitoring of resources such as

Electricity , Water and Gas

 Aerospace sector : Sensor equipped Robots on a plant

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 Key advantages :-
 No expensive infrastructure must be involved.
 Making use of unlicensed frequency spectrum.
 Quick distribution of information around sender.

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KEY CHALLENGES
 All network entities must be mobile  requirement of very
dynamic technology.
 Network functions must have high degree of adaptability
(mobility , outage).
 No central entities

operation in completely distributed manner.

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ROUTING FOR ADHOC MOBILE
NETWORKS :

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• Well known routings are:
– Link state routing
– Distance vector routing
• The Pro-active approach for routing
– Always maintain all routes

• Problems :
– Topologies changes → significant network traffic
– Even when the route is not used
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UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS :

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 Many protocols have been proposed some have been
invented specifically for MANETs other are adopted
from previously proposed protocols for wired networks.
 No single protocol works well in all environments.
 Some attempts made to develop adaptive protocols.

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ROUTING PROTOCOLS :

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 Proactive Protocols :
 Determines the route independent of traffic pattern
 Traditionally link – state and distance vector routing
protocols are proactive
 Reactive protocols :
 Maintain routes only if needed
 Hybrid protocols :
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 Combines Pro-active and re-active elements
Position based protocols Use the geographic
position of nodes for forwarding decisions

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 Latency of route discovery
 Proactive protocols may have lower latency since the
routes are maintained at all times
 Reactive protocols may have higher latency because a
route from X to Y will be found only when X attempts to
send Y
 Overhead of route discovery /maintenance 19
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 Reactive protocols may have lower overhead since
routes are determined only if needed
 Proactive protocols can (but not necessarily) result in
higher overhead due to continuous route updating
 Which of the protocols achieve a better trade off depends
on the traffic and mobility patterns

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FLOODING FOR DATA DELIVERY

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 Sender S broadcast data packet P to all neighbors
 Each node receiving P forwards P to its neighbors
 Sequence no's are used which avoid the possibility of
forwarding the same packet more than once
 Packet P reaches the destination D provided that D is
reachable from sender S

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 S  Node D does not forward a packet

E
B

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F

H
J
A
G M

K L
I

i.e. S represent a node that has D

received packet P
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represents that connected nodes are
within each other transmission range N
RELIABILITY OF ADHOC
NETWORKS

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 Wireless links are prone to errors
 Either because of interference
 Or because of collisions

(collision detection does not work for half duplex

networks)
 High packet loss rate detrimental to transport layer
performance

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THE MECHANISM ARE NEEDED TO
INCREASE THE RELIABILITY :

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 Forward error correction (FEC) include the redundancy
in the packet
 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) use acknowledgements
and re-transmission
 ARQ for multi hop AD-HOC networks
 Implicit assumptions :-

 Packet loss is caused by interference or collisions

 Retransmission seems to be appropriate

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WHAT HAPPENS IF PACKET LOSS OCCURS
DUE TO A NODE LEAVING THE
TRANSMISSION RANGE

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i. Multiple re-transmission before a sender gives up

ii. Massive increase in network congestion

 Unlikely
 No route discover strategies favor shortest (i.e.
minimal) path
 Note:- Broadcast (used for rote discovery) are not
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protected by ARQ
PROBLEM WITH RANGES FOR MULTI-
HOP ADHOC NETWORKS :

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1. Large interference , dramatically reduces the capacity

2. Ranges depend on the transmission rate

Low rate  less vulnerable to interference

1. Broadcast use a lower rate than Uni casts in IEEE

802.11
( to make the transmission more reliable)

1. Broadcasts are used for route discovery

2. Uni casts used for data delivery 26

CONSEQUENCES :-

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 Routes found via broadcast may not be usable for data traffic
 It is called Grey zone

 IEEE 802.11 is used and will be used for multi hop ADHOC
networks
 Inter-vehicle communication
 Also as access networks
 It is certainly not optimal : focus is on single hop networks
 There are many pit falls when blindly using existing MAC
mechanism
 There is also the need & integrated routing /MAC approach
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 Building a new MAC is hard and expensive
SECURITY IN MOBILE ADHOC
NETWORKS
Security needs and threats

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1.

Security Privacy Dependability

features and need /Anonymity features and need
features and
need
Subject /object Confidentiality sort off Availability
authentication
Data integrity No unauthorized Availability
dissemation of
personal data
Accountability Location , Address
,service privacy 28
NETWORK SECURITY SEEN AS
CUSTOMER-PROVIDER
RELATIONSHIP

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 End user perspective : wants secure end to end communication
 Operator perspective : Has to provide secure n/w organization as
basis for offering a secure communication service

 Attack types and building blocks of counter measures

 Passive attack - Fabricating or stealing of packets
 Get ‘content’ - modification of packets
 Profiling -Active attacks
 Other types of attacks

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SECURITY GOALS WITH RESPECT TO
ADHOC ROUTING

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 Routing signaling cannot be spoofed
 Fabricating routing messages can not be integrated in the
network
 Routing messages cannot be altered in transit except
according to the normal functionality of the routing
protocol
 Routing loops cannot be formed through malicious action
route cannot be re-directed from the shortest path by
malicious action
 Managed open environment
 Unauthorized nodes should be excluded from route 30
computation and discovery
 • Managed hostile environment

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• The network topology must be exposed neither to adversaries nor
to authorized nodes by the routing messages

• The solutions for secure routing

• ARAN : Authenticated routing for ADHOC networks
• Assumptions : MOE (Managed Open Environment )
• Trusted certificate server to its public key is known to all nodes
•Each nodes has non certificate signed by T
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Counter measures used are :

• Cryptography

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• Monitoring

Difference in service classes and ADHOC network

1)Key managed infrastructure
2)Intrusion detection
3)Single administration domain
4)Transiently unavailable

Only local monitoring

Multiple domains , no clear line of defense
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ADHOC SPECIFIC ATTACK TYPES ARE
AS FOLLOWS :

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 Equipment/battery : no obvious line of defense ,Side
channel attacks
 Radio jamming
 DLC : attacks on MAC , MAC address
 Routing : no infrastructure support , no clear line of
defense
 Co-ordination : based on principal of mutual assistance ,
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simple attacks and packet drops
Security procedures:

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 Route
 Signed discovery packet (RDP) propagates to sought
destination
 Destination sends back signed route reply (REP)
 At each hop the following action is taken
 Validation of original signature

 Validation of last hop signature

When last hop is neither source nor destination

replace the last hop signature by your own
signature 34
ARAN (authentication routing for ADHOC
networks )

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check list :
• Unauthorized participation , managed by trusted
authority
• Spoofed route signaling  everything is signed
• Fabricated routing messages

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 AD-HOC Routing Protocols
 It is a convention or standard that controls how nodes decide which
way to route packets between computing devices in a mobile AD-
HOC networks
 In AD-HOC networks nodes are not familiar with the topology but
instead they have to discover it
 The new nodes can announce their presence & should keep on
listening to the announcements made by the neighbors
 The node learns about neighbors which are nearer to them & how
to reach them & may announce how to reach them.
 AD-HOC protocols can also be used Literally

 The following is the list of AD-HOC routing Protocols

 Pro-active (Table driven routing)

 Reactive ( On demand routing)
 Flow Oriented Routing
 Adaptable Routing. ( Situation aware)

 Hybrid Routing ( Both pro-active & reactive routing)

 Hierarchal Routing

 Geographical Routing

 Power Aware Routing

 Multicast Routing

 Geographical Multicast Routing

 Other Protocol classes

 External Links

 Pro-active ( Table driven Routing )This type of protocol

maintains fresh list of destinations& their routes by
periodically distributing routing tables throughout the
network
 The main disadvantages of such algorithms are
 1) Respective amount of Data for Maintenance

 Slow reaction of re-structure or failure

 The examples of Pro-active algorithms are

 AWDS( Ad-hoc wireless distribution service)

 Layer 2 wireless mesh routing protocol

 BABEL. A protocol inspired by DSDV. With faster

convergence & trans link quality estimation.
 CGSR( Clustered gateway switch routing protocol)

 DFR ( direction forward routing)

 DBF ( Distributed Bellman Ford routing Protocol)

 DBDF (Highly dynamic distribution seeking vector)

 HSR ( Hierarchical state routing Protocol)

 IRRP( Intra-zone routing protocol & some others)

 Ant based routing algorithm for mobile AD-HOC
networks
 Admission control enable on demand routing protocol

 Flow oriented routing

 This type of protocol finds a route on demand by
following present flows
 One option is to uni-cast consecutively when
forwarding Data while promoting a new link. The main
disadvantages of such algorithms are
 1)It takes a long time while exploring a new route
without the prior knowledge
 May prefer to the entries of existing traffic to
compensate for missing knowledge en-routes
 ADAPTIVE ( Situation aware routing) This type of
protocol combines the advantage of PRO-Active & re
 Reactive Protocols)( On demand routing)
 This type of protocol finds a route on demand by flooding
the network with the route request packets.
 The main disadvantage of such algorithms are
 i) High latency time in route finding
 Excessive flooding which can lead to Network clogging

 Examples of reactive algorithms are

 1) SENCAST
 2) Multi -rate AD-HOC on demand Distance Vector Routing
Protocol
 Reliable Ad-Hoc on demand distance vector routing
protocol.
 MEPA ( Minimum exposed path to the attacks in
mobile AD-HOC networks
 Routing is initially established with some pro-actively
prospectively routes & then serves the demand for
some additionally activated nodes through reactive
flooding
 The main disadvantages of such algorithms are

 Advantages depends upon the amount of nodes

activated

 Reaction to traffic demand depends upon the

gradient of traffic volume
OFDM For UMB
 OFDM is a form of transmission that uses a
large number of closed spaced carriers that
are modulated with low Rate data .Normally
these signals would be expected to interfere
with each other but there is no mutual
interference because these signals are made
orthogonal to each other
 This is achieved by having the carrier spacing
equal to the reciprocal to the Symbol period &
there will be no mutual Interference
 The Data to be transmitted is split across all
the carriers
 If some of the carriers are lost due to multi-
path effect, the Data can be re-constructed
by using error correction techniques
 Sending the Data in packets involving the low
Data rates involving all the carriers means that
the effect of reflections & inter-symbol
interference can be overcome.
 It also means that a single frequency
networks ,Where all transmitters can transmit
on the same channel can be implemented
 OFDMA (orthogonal frequency Division Multiple
Access) uses OFDMA as the basis of modulation
schemes but it has been modified for cellular
communication
 For cellular communication we have the
advantage of multi-path effects
 It will still be able to provide the Access to
multiple users
 ULTRA MOBILE BROAD BAND
 Ultra Mobile Broad Band is the name for the next
evolution for CDMA 2000 cellular
telecommunication system which is run under the
auspices of 3G PP-2
 UMB cellular system promises to provide very
much faster Data transfer Speeds & enables the
system to compete with other Mobile Broad Band
systems including WI-MAX& WI-FI
 The Aim for UMB includes making significant
increases to the user Data Rates when compared
with existing CDMA 2000 cellular technologies
 There will be increase in the System capacity &
lowering the cost per bit Data transfer
 Enhancement to the existing services,
possibility of new applications & the ability to
use new spectrum applications so that UMB
can compete with new applications of 4G
standards such as WI-MAX & preventing
them from gaining the foothold in the Market
 The UMB broad band standards are to be
expected by now & the new systems Using
UMB are expected to be available in the
market by the middle of 2010
 UMB Salient Features
 UMB offers many new salient feature &
techniques that enable it to compete with
new 7 other emerging technologies
 Data Rates of over 275 Mbps in the downlink
& over 75 Mbps in the up-link
 Uses an OFDM/OFDMA air Interface
 Uses F.D.D

 Possesses an IP network architecture

 Has a scalable bandwidth between 1.25 MHz-20 MHz

( NB OFDM/OFDMA systems are well suited for wide &
scalable bandwidth.
 Supports flat, mixed & diluted network architecture

 The UMB system is supposed to provide the significant

leap in terms of capability when compared to the
existing CDMA 2000 based systems.
 The plan is to make UMB operate alongside CDMA
2000 1X& CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO & it will offer
seamless handoff to & from these services
 . In this way a phased roll-out of services can be
offered
 UMB air Interface
 A number of new technologies are being used within the air
interface of UMB
 One of the key technology is OFDM. This technology enables the
UMB to carry high Data Rates& also enables the network to use
wide & variable Bandwidth according to the requirement of the
link
 OFDMA or Orthogonal frequency division multiple Access uses
OFDM as basis of the modulation scheme ,but has been modified
to cellular communication system including UMB to provide the
means of multi-path effects while still being able to provide
means of Access to multiple users
 MIMO For UMB
 UMB system also uses MIMO. As well as SDMA (Space division
Multiple Access) These are the advanced antenna techniques to
provide even greater capacity coverage & quality in deployments
with multiple Antennas. By using the multi-paths present in any
real Radio Path
 They effectively enable the channel capacity to be increased For
beyond to be predicted when using a single Antenna
 UMB higher layers
 The new UMB standard utilizes sophisticated control mechanism
along with MIMO & SDMA to allow the transmission of variable
length packets for each application based upon end to end
system capabilities & in QOS. IN this way the system can be
optimized according to the prevailing conditions & the
requirement of each user
 UMB IP based structure
 UMB also supports large variety of services that require
extremely low latencies, low jitter& increased spectral
efficiencies besides passing packet data & IP.
 UMB results in supporting the large X-section of advanced
mobile Broad Band services by delivering low rate , low latency
voice traffic at one end of the spectrum& ultra high speed
latency insensitive broadband data traffic
 It offers better performance for many of the new services being
conceived
 In not too distant future of digital technology, people
will be sharing voice Data video & multimedia
services among the network consumer electronics
PCs & mobile devices throughout the home & even
remotely. For example the users will be able to
stream video content from a PC or consumer
electronic devices such as a camcorder DVD player
or a personal video recorder to a flat screen HDTV
(high-definition television) display without the use of
any wires.
 A leading candidate for enabling this capability is
ultra wideband (UWB), a wireless technology
designed for short range, personal area network, or
(PANs). This year, UWB is making the transition from
laboratories to standardization, a key step toward
the development of real world products.
 Recent industry achievements with UWB range from
researchers showing proof-of concept demos, to formation
of industry working groupsthat will define the UWB physical
layer (PHY) and MAC layer and application that will run on
top of the radio platform. In the U.S., the Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) has mandated that UWB
radio transmission can legally operate in the range from
3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz, at a transmit power of -41dBm/MHz.
Japanese regulators have issued the first UQWB experiment
license allowing the operation of a UWB transmitter in
Japan.

Digital Home Requirements

 Why is UWB considered by many to be the next “big thing”

in the wireless space? For one thing, it allows for high data
throughput with low power consumption for distances of
less than 10 meter, which is very applicable to the digital
home requirements.
 An example application of UWB would be bringing a mobile device
like a portable media player (PMP) in proximity to a content source
like PC, Laptop or external hand disk drive Once an authentication&
authorization is established, the device & PC can perform bulk data
transfer of Video files onto the PMP for later viewing
 Within the consumer electronics industry, there is the demand for
connecting various devices such as DVDs HDTVs Set Top Boxes
PVRs, Stereos, Camcorders digital cameras & other CE devices .
Wireless use is the Key Factor for adoption in this Category
 UWB technology
 A traditional UWB transmitter sends billions of pulses across a very
wide spectrum of frequency which is several GHz in bandwidth.
The corresponding receiver then translates the pulses into Data by
listening to the familiar pulse sequence sent by the transmitter
specifically UWB is the technology that occupies the bandwidth of
greater than or equal to 500 MHz or greater than 20% of the
central frequency.
 Modern UWB systems use normally (OFDM) to occupy these very
large Bandwidths In addition the use of multiple bands in
combination with OFDM modulation can provide significant
advantage to traditional UWB system
 In the Multi-band OFDM approach, the available
spectrum of 7.5 GHz is divided into several 528 MHz
bands. This allows selective implementation of
bands at a certain frequency ranges while leaving
the other parts of the spectrum un-used The
dynamic ability of the radio to operate in certain
areas of the spectrum is important, because it can
adapt to regularity constraints imposed by the
governments around the World
 ULTRA WIDE BAND
 Beyond the corporate walls MOTOROLA enterprises
Mesh networks
 Mesh technologies provide convenient , flexible
scalable & cost effective extensions of corporate
networks in the areas that are typically too hard to
cable

 UWB is a radio technology that can be used at very

low energy levels for short range high bandwidth
communication, by using a large portion of the
Radio spectrum.
 It is used for radar imaging. Recently it has been
used in sensor Data collection, precision locating &
tracking applications
 UWB communication does not interfere with other
traditional operators
 In this way it is able to offer better performance for many of
the new services being conceived

 ULTRA WIDE BAND

 Beyond the corporate walls MOTOROLA enterprises Mesh
networks
 Mesh technologies provide convenient , flexible scalable &
cost effective extensions of corporate networks in the areas
that are typically too hard to cable

 UWB is a radio technology that can be used at very low

energy levels for short range high bandwidth communication,
by using a large portion of the Radio spectrum.
 It is used for radar imaging. Recently it has been used in
sensor Data collection, precision locating & tracking
applications
 UWB communication does not interfere with other traditional
operators
  Itmay not be possible to bear for traditional system
design &may effect the stability of working
communication systems

 UWB transmits signals across much wider

frequency than conventional systems& are usually
very difficult to detect

 The amount of spectrum occupied by a UWB signal

is at least 25%of the center frequency i.e UWB
signal centered at 2 GHz would be 1 GHz

 The most common technique to generate a UWB

signal is to transmit pulses
 It communicates within a short distance with high
accuracy efficiency & Speed
..
  Current 3G systems are evolving into 4G. As a pathway
to4G 3GPP is currently developing Long Term Evolution
(LTP) standards & 3GPP2 is working on ULTRA Mobile
Broad Band (UMB) Standard. i.e I.E.E.E 802.16 Standard
WI-MAX
 It is also gaining attention as a solution to 4G
problems
 In air interface techniques all three systems use
OFDMA based multi-carrier modulation& MIMO
techniques & also other advanced features to
greatly improve the mobile services
 The techniques which are mostly thought of beyond
3G are OFDMA, SC-CDMA, MIMO, FFR (Fractional
Frequency Re-Use & advance coding)
..
 UWB is a license free spectrum sharing technique
where the transmitted RF energy is spread over a
wide bandwidth so that the interference to the
existing user is kept at minimum.
 Driven largely by UWB technology high speed short
range wireless personal area networks (WPANS) are
expected to profile rate in the coming Years
 A Band hopping OFDM transmission method
developed by the Wireless media alliance &
Standardized by ECMA has gained the significant
support for developing high Rate (WPANS)
 One key application for the technology is cable
replacement for universal serial BUS(USB) 2..0
devices
 In addition I.E.E.E 802.15 & ECMA have formed task
groups aimed at developing new specifications for
wireless connectivity in 60 GHz frequency band.
 60 GHz band offers a large amount of BW ( Up to 7 GHZ) &
relaxed transmit power limits & therefore has the potential
to meet the demand for multi Gega bit Data Rates
 Although at such high frequency the smaller Antenna Size
makes the technique very attractive, but Antenna sector
switching & beam forming may be required.
 Applications
 Due to extremely low emission levels currently allowed by
regulatory agencies UWB systems tend to be short range
systems which can be used for Indoor working
 Due to the short duration of UWB pulses it is easier to
engineer extremely high data rates.
 Conventional OFDM technology can be used subject to the
minimum Bandwidth requirement
 High data rate UWB can enable wireless monitors, the
efficient transfer of Data from digital camcoders,
 Wireless printing of Digital pictures from a Camera without
the need of intervening personal computer
 UWB is used as a part of location systems & real time
location systems. The precision capabilities combined with
very low power makes it ideal for certain radio frequency
sensitive environments such as hospitals & health care
 UWB is also used to see through the Walls precision radar
imaging technology, precision radio imaging technology,
precision locating & tracking i.e using distance
measurements between the radios.& precision time of
arrival based localization approaches. It exhibits excellent
efficiency with a special capacity of approximately10 POWER
13BIT/S/SQUARE METER
 UWB HAS BEEN A PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY FOR USE IN PERSONAL
AREA NETWORKS & APPEARED IN THE ieee 802.15.3ADRAFT PAN
STANDARD UWB has been having the Limited Success Due to high cost
of implementation & performance
 The fastest data rate publicly shown over UWB is
now an impressive 252Mbps at the rate of 480
Mbps is expected to be shown in the not to distant
future.
 Requirements for the digital home include high
speed data transfer for multimedia content short-
range connectivity for transfer to other devices, low
power consumption due to limited battery capacity
and low complexity and cost due to market pricing
pressure and alternate wired connectivity options.
 Transfer of video from a camcorder to a
entertainment P.C is one scenario.
 The second one is to have the view of photos from
users still camera removing all the wires to the
printer, scanner, mass storage devices and video
cameras located in home offices.
 Closed related is wireless connectivity for consumer
devices. Portable customer appliances, audio- video
devices such as D.V camcorders , digital still
cameras , portable MP3 players , HDTV displays ,
Personnel video recorders, entertainments P.Cs and
emerging personnel video players are likely
candidates for the early UWB.

Wider Applications of UWB

 The concept of UWB radio spans different applications
and industries and has been coined as the common
UWB radio platform.
 The UWB along with the convergence layer becomes
the transport mechanism some of which are currently
wired. Some of the more notable applications that will
operate on top of the common UWB platform would be
wireless universal serial bus (WUSB) IEEE 1394, the
next generation of Bluetooth universal plug and play
(UPNP).