MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

1. BABUR(1526-56)
2. HUMAYAN(1531-56)
3. SHER SHAH SUR(1450-55)
4. AKBAR(1556-1605)
5. JAHANGIR (1605-27)
6. SHAH JAHAN(1627-58)
7. AURANGAZEB(1658-1707)

1
 Features:
Building art in
northern India attained
its most sumptuous
form.
Muslim art and
architecture reached
its peak during the
mughal rule.
A form of the building
art emerged
expressive of this
ruling dynasty

Mughal Empire
2
Factors:
Wealth and power of the empire.
Relatively settled condition that prevailed in most
parts of the country.
Pronounced aesthetic nature of the mughal rulers
culture.
Mughal style resolves itself into two main features:

PHASES
1 buildings of red sandstone (akbar)
2 buildings of white marble (Jahangir and shahjahan)

3
BABUR(1526-1531)
BUILDINGS
1. Kabuli Bagh- Panipat
2. Jami Masjid-Panipat (large brick structure
does not show distinct quality)

4
 KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT,PUNJAB

Main facade Entrance Gate

5
KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT,PUNJAB

Mihrab
6
HUMAYUN(1531-1556)

Laid foundation-new city at Delhi-ASYLUM OF FAITH

Purana Qila or Old Fort
Completed boundaries.
Defeated not by Rajput Kings but by Afghan Ruler SHER
SHAH

7
SHER SHAH SUR
Built city of shergarh-Remains only Lal Darwaza,Khuni
Darwaza

SASARAM (1530-40) and DELHI (1540-45)

No Building type Example
1 Mosques -
2 Tombs tomb of hasan khan
tomb at chainpur
tomb of sher shah, sasaram
Sher Mandal
tomb of salim (sher shahs son)

PHASE II: BUILDINGS AT DELHI

No Building type Examples
1 Mosques qila-i-kuhna masjid
2 Tombs -
3 Gateways bara darwaza,

4 Others purana qila or old 8

fort
 master builder-
TOMB OF HASAN KHAN ALIWAL KHAN-
managed to
produce
undistinguished
replica of the Lodi
tomb
Mausouleum
building contained
within a walled
enclosure.
Building stands
level with the ground
with no plinth.
Middle storey is
merely a bare wall of
little interst.
9
Octogonal type
 TOMB OF SHER SHAH
SUR

Whole structure stands in the middle of a great lake.

Access by means of a causeway on the northern side of
the lake
10
 Lotus finial
Dome
Plain wall+pillared
Kiosks
parapet
Arched verandah
Stepped
basement
Causeway

250 wide 3 storeys thus producing an immense pyramidal pile in 5

distinct stages upto 150
Whole structure stands in the middle of a great lake.
Access by means of a causeway on the northern side of the lake.
Two stories comprise the foundation of this island tomb.
Stepped basement rising out of the water and tall terrace above
which is square in plan with an octagonal tomb in three stages.

TOMB OF SHER SHAH 11

Surmounted by a dome
Lowest storey is in the form of a verandah, having triple
arches in each of its eight sides with a projecting eaves
above over which rises a high crenulated parapet.
Second stage is a screened wall with a projecting window
openings between.
Third stage is the drum of the dome.
Tomb chamber is entered through the encircling
verandah by doorways.
Single vaulted
hall.

TOMB OF SHER SHAH 12

 -PURANA QILA OR OLD FORT-the sixth
QILA KUNHA capital city of delhi.
MASJID
Gem of architectural
Liwan faade- arches framed within
one another in different planes
design. Central bay squinch arch employed.
Royal chapel of the sur Next bay stalactites used.
rules.-158x45 Feet,66high The last bay-semi-vault of unusual
design.
Faade consists of an
Mihrab Archway-rich Foliation
arrangement of five
archways. Circular Turreted buttresses
Sanctuary measures
Centre arch sunk in an 158x 45 and rising to
a height of 66
arched recess contained
within a pronounced
rectangular frontage.
Large single lodi dome.
Interior is formed of one
large hall divided into 5 bays
by lateral arches. 13
 SHER
MANDAL
Another solitary structure built inside
the masjid
This is the SHER MANDAL
Within the PURANA QILA OR OLD
FORT
Octagonal structure.
Three storeyed pavilion.

14
HUMAYUN(1531-1556)
Return of Mughals

Humayun recaptured Purana Qila/Old Fort in 1565.

Did not built, but infact enjoyed the exisisting structures.

1. TOMB OF HUMAYUN-1564 AD

Constructed 8 years after the emperors death, unusual as it was

customary for these monuments to be erected during the
emperors life time.
Built by his wife haji bagum.
Architect- mirak mirza ghiyas.
Indian interpretation of a Persian conception.

15
 HUMAYUNS TOMB
In the middle of each of the
four sides an imposing gateway
was introduced west being the
main entrance.
Occupying the middle of the

156
upper surface is the tomb
structure 156 feet in side and
square in plan

PLAN

16
140
White Marble
Pillared Kiosks

Red

22
Sandstone

Arcaded Chamber

HUMAYUNS TOMB 17
 Double dome :
Composed of two seperate
shells an outer and inner with
appreciable space between.
Outer shell supports the
marble case of the exterior.
Inner shell forms the vaulted
Mughal garden ceiling of the interiors main
hall.
Tomb chamber

This central building stands on a wide and

lofty sandstone terrace 22 inches in height with
arcaded sides
Passing through the entrance gateway into
the garden its larger area is seen to be laid out
in a formal arrangement of square and
rectangular components with flowered beds.

HUMAYUNS TOMB 18
Mughal garden
Garden is carefully designed and
proportioned so as to form an integral
part of architectural composition.
The tomb stands in the centre of a
grand symmetrical-Char-bagh ( four
gardens)
Organised natural elements within a
refined framework of geometrical
patterns.
Rigid channels of water laid along the
cardinal axes of the building with
fountains at regular intervals.
Rows of flowers formed decorative
borders for the grass contained within
square quadrangles.
The Mughal garden antithesis of both
japanese and indian garden.

HUMAYUNS TOMB 19
The Tomb

The arched entrances

Arches within arches

The West gate
HUMAYUNS TOMB 20
TOMB OF ATGAH KHAN (known
as Khan Khanans tomb)(1562) :

Situated near Humayuns tomb.

Character of the tomb reduced
and refined to accord with its
smaller side.
Sandstone casing
Detailed treatment of the faade
with its inlaid coloured marble and
low relief carving.
Application of fine embellishment
to the wall surfaces
Simpler plan form and outer
formations appealed to the builders
of the Taj Mahal.
21
AKBAR (1556-1605)
Features:
Chief buildings executed in red sandstone with insertions
of white marble.
Style was TRABEATE ORDER of construction; although
the tudor arch was commonly used.
ARCH was used primarily for decoration.
DOME : lodi dome sometimes built hollow but never
technically of the true double order.
PILLAR SHAFTS were many sided and capitals were in
the form of bracket supports.
Ornamentation:
Carved or boldly inlaid patterns.
Painted designs were introduced on the interior walls and
ceiling
22
AKBAR (1556-1605)
Shifted to Agra
Agra Fort-500 buildings constructed- Bengal and Gujarat Style-
Nothing survives.
Exisisting Structures- Delhi Gate And Palace inside (Jahangir
Mahal).
Fatehpur Sikhri
HOUSE OF MIRIAM
BIRBAL HOUSE
DIWAN I-KHAS
DIWAN I-AM
BULAND DARWAZA
The Jami Masjid of Sikri
PANCH MAHAL

Massive fort- Allahabad Fort demolished by British Army.

23
2700

24
 BUILDINGS IN AGRA FORT
Anguri Bagh - 85 square, geometrically arranged gardens
Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience) - was used to speak to the
people and listen to petitioners and once housed the Peacock Throne
Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) - was used to receive kings
and dignitary, features black throne of Jehangir
Golden Pavilions - beautiful pavilions with roofs shaped like the roofs
of Bengali huts
Jahangiri Mahal - built by Akbar for his son Jehangir
Khas Mahal - white marble palace, one of the best examples of
painting on marble
Macchi Bhawan (Fish Enclosure) - grand enclosure for harem
functions, once had pools and fountains
Mina Masjid (Heavenly Mosque)- a tiny mosque; closed to the public

25
Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) - a private mosque of Shah Jahan
Musamman Burj - a large, octagonal tower with a balcony facing the
Taj Mahal
Nagina Masjid (Gem Mosque) - mosque designed for the ladies of
the court, featuring the Zenana Mina Bazaar (Ladies Bazaar) right
next to the balcony, where only female merchants sold wares
Naubat Khana (Drum House) - a place where the king's musicians
played
Rang Mahal - where the king's wives and mistresses lived
Shahi Burj - Shah Jahan's private work area
Shah Jahani Mahal - Shah Jahan's first attempt at modification of
the red sandstone palace
Sheesh Mahal (Glass Palace) or Shish Mahal - royal dressing room
featuring tiny mirror-like glass-mosaic decorations on the walls

Shish Mahal's glass works.

26
Entrance to the Agra fort-delhi The palace of the royal
gate household

Along the Moat

The Inner Courtyard

27
JAHANGIRI MAHAL in Agra Fort
Use of colored glazed tiles and domed
canopies on the exterior Persian
origin.
Interior courts and halls Hindu style.
The Jahangiri Mahal is a configuration
of rooms and chapels dispersed around
two courts,aligned along central axis.
The Zenana court-overlooking the
yamuna river.
Two storeyed front faade with central
arcade opening, deep horizontal
chajjas.
Arches flanked by octagonal domed
turrets
Jain toranas, richly carved stone piers
and brackets,Chajjas-Evocative of the
palace of the man singh.
28
Fatehpur Sikri Palace Complex

Variant Fatehpur-Sikri Palace Complex

Names
Location Fatehpur Sikri, India
Date 1569-1574
Style/Period Mughal
Century 16th
Building landscape, palatial
Types
Building garden, palace
Usage

29
2. NEW CAPITAL CITY OF FATEPUR SIKRI:
NO BUIDING TYPE EXAMPLE
1 gateways agra gate
naubat khana or
drum house
2 secular buildings palace at jodh bai
house of Miriam
house of the sultana
birbals house
3 religious buidings jami masjid
buland darwaza or
triumphal gateway
tomb of salim chisti
tomb of islam khan
4. administrative diwan-i-khas or hall of public
audience
building panch mahal or palace of five stories
khwabgah or house of drums
astrologers seat
department of records
30
 Most notable achievement of
the Mughals
26 miles west of agra
A great complex of residential,
official and religious buildings
Rectangular area of 2 miles
and 1 mile braod.
Habitation lasted only for one
generation
Departed from the conventional
idea of building isolated structures
linked together by streets, due to
the limited space.
City with no streets ,but an
arrangement of braod terraces
and stately courtyard around
which are grouped pavillions
and palaces
FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX
31
 FATEHPUR SIKRI- Design Guidelines

First and foremost, the interior function of an individual building determined.

Its overall function, determined its location in the layout plan.
Service areas, such as the waterworks, guards quarters, were located on the
outskirts.
The King and Queens residences, located at the heart, astride the top of the
ridge.
Public areas like the courts, the Diwan-i-Am, and the Jami Masjid formed a ring
around the King and Queens residences,
Orientation-All important structures located along the cardinal axes.
Secular buildings were installed along the north-south axis,
The Jami Masjid was symmetrically erected as required around the east-west
axis.
The aesthetics of a building were left to the craftsmen employed in a particular
structure,
overall visual unity was ensured through use of building material for floors,
walls, roofs, lintels, beams, etc.
32
The rich, red sandstone offsetted here and there by bands of expensive white
FATEHPUR SIKRI- Design Guidelines

Each structure geometrical related to its adjoining structures.

Diwan-i-khas
Daftar Khana
Diwan-i-Am
Sultana garden
Pavilion of the Turkish
Sultana
Maryams house
Char chaman court.
Khwab gah (Two
storeyed pavilion)
33
FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX
34
 35
AGRA GATE
High and plain outside wall
Principal buildings are attached to the inner
side all facing the courtyard
Entrance only through a guarded gatehouse
having staggered doorways
Strict seclusion
Within this enclosure, every portion is self
contained with a private chapel for devotions
and roof terraces screened by the parapet for
promenades
Each part is readily accessible for the
convenience of its occupants and for the
purpose of service
Palace is nearly square 320x215
Walls -32 high
East wall-gatehouse
North wall- hanging pavilion or hawa mahall
South wall- service and bathing apartment
Interiors consists of an almost symmetrical range
of buildings surrounding a square quadrangle (2
storied)
Carved decoration similar to the temple
36
architecture PALACE OF JODH BAI
 Simple and unpretentious structure
Display of much elegant workmanship
Arrangment of rooms in two stories but with
no external courtyard or extraneous
amenities
Double- height living room
Two floors of bedroom overlooking the
double height hall below.
Mural paintings

WEST FACADE

FRONT FACADE

AERIAL VIEW
HOUSE OF MIRIAM 37
Similar to Miriam house
Arrangment is a little more
complex and elaborate
2 storied building with four
rooms and two porches
forming the ground floor
upper storey has two
rooms and the the
remainder consists of open SOUTH FACADE
terraces enclosed by
screens
there are cupolas over the
upper rooms and pyramidal
roofs over the porches
double dome construction
of an inner and outer shell
with a void in the centre
hence interior was kept
ARCADED CHAMBER
cool
Exterior treatment-
Chajjas, brackets and
BIRBAL HOUSE 38
SIDE FACADE

BIRBAL HOUSE

QUEENS PALACE 39
WEST VIEW
DIWAN I-AM

EAST FACADE

CORNER
DETAIL

40
 DIWAN I-KHAS

Diwani-i-Khas or a hall for theological discussions

(unique Interiors)
From the centre of the chamber rises a carved pillar
which mushrooms into a gigantic capital made up of a
series of Jaina vaulted brackets that support a circular
stone platform
From this central platform four aerial bridges radiate
along each diagonal of the hall to connect the hanging
balconies
The Emperor, sat in the centre of the corbelled
capital, while ministers occupied each of the angles.

41
 The Jami Masjid of
Sikrimassive mosque measuring a 515 ft x 432 ft (157m x 132m) undoubtedly
This
makes it the largest mosque in India.
Liwan faade consists of a central arched fronton which dwarfs the dome
behind in the old Tughlaq tradition.
The central framed arch is completely out of proportion with the rather low-
slung side wings.

The side wings, consists of arches

as many as three different spans
and heights shaded by small
sloping chajja.
Interior with the central dome
decorated on the inside to given an
appearance of a stone.
The parapets of the cloisters and
liwan are marked by a row of
exquisitely designed domed
chattris that held lighted torches at
night during festival seasons.

42
 42
BULAND DARWAZA or GATE OF MAGNIFICENCE 43
 Southern entrance to the Jami
Masjid.
Imposing structure 134 high
134

approached by a flight of steps 42

high.
Presents itself as a masonry of
immense proportions dwarfing every
other building.
There is little doubt that of all the
architectural productions of the
Mughals, their gateways were the
most successful achievements;
whether they were
Bold entrances to fortresses.
Humble doorways to sarais.
Elegant portals to tombs
Porticos to palaces
Civic archways of the city etc

BULAND DARWAZA 44
The entire structure may be
resolved into two aspects:
The frontal and highest
aspect, forming the faade
with its portal.
Back with its faade
embowed by means of three
planes comprising a large
central face and a lesser one
on each side receding at an
angle.
Central plane is 86 across,
rectangular in shape; the great
part is occupied by an arched and Most important feature is the decorative
domed recess. treatment of the outer faade with the
The narrower faces on the wings rectangular formation & wide border.
are in three stories which varied
openings in each stage.
Crowning the whole of this
faade is a parapet behind which
BULAND
rises a range of kiosks with DARWAZA 45
PANCH MAHAL

Pavillion of 5 stories
The rectangular ground floor being
built over 84 columns each different
in design
The 5 stories above diminish
gradually from the northern and
western sides while the eastern and
the southern sides rise vertically
upto it culminates into a domed
canopy supported over the four
46
pillars.
 PANCH MAHAL
Palace was designed for Akbars more than 300
wives, to enjoy their leisure hours during the hot
summers
Exterior treatment is remarkable for its wide eaves
and deep shadows of pillars & brackets.
Horizontal lines of the parapet.
Pleasing proportions of the interior pillars with
pendant brackets, balconies, alcoves, murals.

47
 TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI

Part of site Friday Mosque of Fatehpur

Sikri
Variant Names Shaik Salim Chishti Tomb
Street Address Friday Mosque Complex
Location Fatehpur Sikri, India
Date 1571-80
Style/Period Mughal
Century 16th
Building Type funerary
Building Usage tomb

48
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI

49
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 50
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 51
JAHANGIR(1605-1627)

TRANSITION FROM STONE TO MARBLE

TOMB OF AKBAR
TOMB OF JAHANGIR
Gateway to Sarai at Jullundur
Noor Mahal
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA

52
TOMB OF AKBAR

Variant Names Mausoleum of Akbar, Akbar

ka Makbara
Location Sikandra, India
Date 1612
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Types funerary, religious
Building Usage tomb, mosque

53
The tomb of Akbar has a tall The mausoleum complex is
square in plan
sandstone clad gate with ornate
and aligned on the cardinal
marble inlay carvings and axis, with the tomb at its center
inscriptions. and four gates, one along each
It consists of a colossal arched wall.
niche flanked on either side by Based on a charbagh, or walled
double-stacked balconies. square garden composition
Surmounting the gate pavilion much like his father Humayun's
are four towering white marble (1530-1540, 1555-1556) tomb,
minarets, one at each corner
Beyond the lofty gate lies the
charbagh divided into quadrants
by watercourses designed to
evoke the rivers of paradise.
Hence, the mausoleum itself is
physically and metaphorically
located at the center of a
heavenly garden, Behistan.

TOMB OF AKBAR 54
The gallery space is rhythmically arranged with massive pillars
supporting arches roughly 6.7 meters apart.
Outside, the second story has an arcaded verandah on each side,
which is composed of twenty three bays.
The arcades are repeated on the subsequent floors forming peripheral
walkways at each level and chattris at the corners.
The top floor has no superstructure but consists on an open terrace
enclosed with marble screen parapets.
This five-tiered structure with its pillared terraces and numerous
chattris also bears a striking resemblance to the Panch Mahal at
Fatehpur Sikri. 55
The central bay of each side
is marked by a high pishtaq
surmounted by a rectangular
chattri, or roof kiosks.
Only the southern pishtaq
gives access to the burial
chamber, a small square
room at the end of long
corridor at the heart of the
building domed at eighteen
meters.
the four pishtaqs, the
southern one is the most
elaborate in ornamentation.
The burial chamber also
houses the tombs of the
emperor's daughters,
Shakrul Nisha Begam and
Aram Bano
56
TOMB OF JAHANGIR
Variant Names Jihangir, Jehangir Tomb

Street Address Shahdara

Location Lahore, Pakistan

Client Shah Jahan

Date 1627-8

Style/Period Mughal

Century 17th

Building Types funerary, religious

Building Usage tomb, mosque

57
The mausoleum itself in red
sandstone and floral marble inlay, and
consists of an arcaded platform, or
takhgah, 84 meters square.
On each corner is an octagonal
minaret rising in five segments.
The shaft is decorated in chevrons
of pink and white marble, and a
domed kiosk crowns each minaret.
Openings on each of the four sides
of the platform lead through long
corridors to a central, octagonal crypt
containing the marble cenotaph
resting on a platform, the chabutra.
The marble cenotaph is considered
one of the finest in India.
It is inlaid precious stones set in
naturalistic floral patterns, and black
calligraphy inscribing the date of
Jahangir's death, and the ninety-nine 58
names of God.
TOMB OF JAHANGIR

Originally, the crypt had a second floor; a platform still exists,

built on top of the large square one.
Remnants of a marble screen show that it was once enclosed,
and traces indicate where a second cenotaph may have stood.
It is, however, believed that the second story remained
unroofed: before his death, Jahangir, like his ancestor Babur,
had requested that his tomb be left open to the sky.
To the west of the charbagh tomb garden, there is a related,
rectangular enclosure known as the Akbari Seria, which served
as the forecourt, or chowk-i jilo khana, for the mausoleum.
A small mosque stands at its western wall.

59
60
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA

Variant Names Tomb of Itimad

al-Dawla,
Mausoleum of
Itimad al Daula
Location Agra, India
Client Nur Jahan
Date 1622-1628
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Type funerary
Building Usage mausoleum

61
 The mausoleum is like a jewel box, built entirely of pure marble, it
marks the transitional phase from the grand and massive red
sandstone architecture of Akbar to the softer and sensual
architectural style that marked the reign of Shah Jahan.
The I'timad al-Daula was the first Mughal structure to be
completely encased in marble and extensively use pietra dura, the
marble inlay work that is associated with the Taj Mahal
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA The tomb is of a modest
scale, built on a low
platform 4' (1.22m) high. It
has a square plan
measuring 68'-10" (21m),
subdivided into nine
chambers, with four
corner octagonal towers in
the form of minarets.
The minarets frame the
central roof pavilion that
marks the tomb chamber 62
below.).
 The kiosks of the minarets consist of
small hemispherical copulas resting on
small arches supported by eight
pilasters. The roof pavilion imparts a
distinct Hindu feel in its use of Bengali
roof, completed by a wide overhangs or
eaves (chhajja
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA

Red sandstone gateway-East

63
The mausoleum is set within a garden surrounded by walls
forming a perimeter of 541'-4" (165m) on each side.
The approach is from the east through a red sandstone gateway
that is decorated with rich marble mosaics.
Sandstone pathways lead up to the main tomb.
Each of the faade has a central arched entrance, flanked by two
recessed arches that are closed by beautiful marble screens (jali).
Fine corbels support the cornice, which has a marble tracery (jali)
balustrade running along the length of it.
The platform and tomb is embellished with mosaics and pietra
dura inlay work of semiprecious stones.
The art of inlay marble had been practiced for many years, but this
was the first attempt to imitate Persian pottery decoration and tile
work.
The interior is a series of rooms and corridors arranged around a
verandah that surrounds the central chamber containing the
cenotaph. The square roof pavilion above the central chamber
allows the light to filter down through its perforated marble
64
screens (jalis) to gently wash over the two porphyry yellow
SHAH JAHAN
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS STYLE
The forms of this style are essentially marble forms,
while the decoration is only occasionally plastic this
was done by means of inlaid patterns in coloured
stones.
The curves of the arch which were now often foliated.
Usually in each instance by means of cusps called
cusp arch.
The dome assumed another form as the Persian type.
Bulbous in outline and constructed at its neck.
The adoption of which brought with it the system of
true double dome.

65
GENERAL FEATURES

Introduction of pillars with

tapering or baluster shafts,
voluted bracket capitals and
foliated buses.
Structural ornamental
elements of curvilinear
order, the fluidity of line from
and sinuousness generally
reflecting those exalted
conditions that not
uncommonly prevail when a
ruling power has attained its
greatest elevation.

66
IMPORTANT EXAMPLES:

First structure court Red Fort ,Agra.

DIWAN-I-AM AT AGRA FORT in 1627 A.D.(Flat roof
hall held by row of Marble encased Columns).
Other structures at Red fort, Agra:
Khas Mahal/Diwani-i-Khas
Shish Mahal
TAJ MAHAL AT AGRA.
RANG MAHAL
CITY OF SHAHJAHANABAD
JAMI MASJID AT DELHI
Wazir Khan Mosque at Lahore.

67
TAJ MAHAL
Variant Names Taj Mahall, Taj Mehel
Location Agra
Date 1632-1648
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Types funerary, landscape,
religious
Building Usage mausoleum, garden,
mosque

68
The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex built by Shah
Jahan (reg. 1628 - 1658) in memory of his favorite wife,
Arjumand Banu Begam (d.1631), better known by her
title "Mumtaz Mahal," or "the exalted one of the
palace.
The construction of the complex began shortly after
Mumtaz's death.
TAJ MAHAL 69
The Taj Mahal complex is organized in a rectangle,
measuring approximately 310 x 550 meters.
It comprises a number of buildings and structures, all
functioning together as the funerary monument for
Mumtaz Mahal.
From the south, the first part of the complex consists
of a (former) bazaar, the forecourt and entry gates;
the second part consists of a large garden and garden
pavilions, axially arranged along a riverfront terrace
with the three main structures:
the mosque,
the mausoleum and
the mihmankhana (literally, "guest house," probably
used as an assembly hall).

70
Mihman Khanah 1900 by 1000

Entry gate

Mosque Forecourt
1000 Garden

71
 effect a minaret in three stages and
crowned by kiosk rises from each
corner of the Plinth to a height of
137
186

LOWER STOREY PLAN

on a plinth 220 high

It is square in plan and 186 side with
its angles chamfered.
to form a building 108 in height and
having a marble cupola above each
corner while over the centre towering
to a complete height of totally 187 is UPPER STOREY PLAN
the great bulbous dome 72
. Its proportions
ROOF PLANare all very simple.
The crowning glory of its elevation lies in
the shape and volume of the dome, which
supported by a lofty drum.
The large dome being derived from a
Persian source and the smaller domes at
the foot of the bigger unconstricted at their
base are indigenous.
73
74
75
Detail view of mausoleum showing
the right half of the central pishtaq,
engaged column with herringbone
pattern, and thuluth inscription on the
frame
Detail view of mausoleum showing
upper corner of central pishtaq with
thuluth script in the frame and
arabesque decoration in precious
stones in the sprandels 76
 Detail view
of the
jaliwork that
surrounds
Mumtaz's
and Shah
Jahan's
cenotaphs
inside the
mausoleum
Thuluth script in the frame and
arabesque decoration in precious
Detail view of mausoleum, stones on the parapet and
looking up into the entrance Detail sprandels
iwan view of
the
mausoleu
m,
showing
the
central
pishtaq, a
second- 77
story
INTERIORS
The arrangement of the
compartments in the interior
of Taj was manifestly copied
from that in Humayns tomb
at Delhi as there is the same
octagonal central hall with
subsidiary chambers in the
angles and are connected by
radiating passage
The main hall is also in two
stories of arcades over
which is a semicircular vault
forming the inner shell of the
double dome as here is also
a large void store above this
ceiling equal in area to the
hall itself.
Except for some carving on
the dados and the exquisite
treatment of the perforated
screen enclosing the
cenotaphs most of the mural
enrichment consists of inlaid
patterns distributed with
considerable restraint over
the flat surfaces. The marble
from Markrana is of such a
nature that it takes on
incredibly subtle variations
of tint and tone, according to
the changes in light
The disposal of the other
rooms within the building
although appearing at first
sight rather intricate is in
reality comparatively simple
and consistent as each
apartment is contrived in an
angle with a similar upper
story room immediately
above it
78
View of the mausoleum looking
northwest from the plinth of the
riverfront terrace, showing the
southwestern minaret and and its
projecting balconies
Detail view of the western part of
the mausoleum's south elevation,
showing the paneled plinth, arched
niches, marble cladding and pietra79
Shahjahanabad
Citadel,Delhi

80
Shahjahanabad
Citadel,Delhi
Shahjahanabad-The last of the great citadels representative of
Muslim power in India.
The plan of Shahjahanabad seems to have been executed in a
rather dry and systematic manner.
The Shahjahanabad citadel consists of a series of garden courts
and palaces dispersed on both sides of a central axis composed of
the Diwan-i-Am, Diwani-i-Khas and the kings private palace.
The whole plan of palaces, courts, hall and gardens is contained
within a fortified wall forming an oblong of 3,100 ft (945.1m) x
1650ft (503 m ) with the military ancillaries located along and just
inside the fortified walls.
Almost all structures within the royal Delhi fort were in the form
of open pavilions in one storey, their facades of engrailed arches
shaded by wide eaves of chajjas above which was built a parapet.
From each corner of the building arose a graceful domed kiosk.
The architecture of Shajahanabad has been referred to as marble
tent architecture.
81
 WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE

Variant Names Wazir Khan Mosque, Vazir Khan,

Jami Mosque

Location Lahore, Pakistan

Client Wazir Khan

Date 1634-5

Style/Period Mughal

Century 17th

Building Types baths, commercial, religious

Building Usage hammam, market, mosque

82
WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE
Arcaded
Faade- Brick
and glazed
tiles.
Large
gateway and
four
octagonal
minarets.
Overhanging
balconies
supported on
brackets.
Octagonal
tower finished
with pillared
pavilion,
topped by a
domical roof.
83
LAHORE FORT COMPLEX
Variant Shahi Qila
Names
Location Lahore, Pakistan
Client Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Fatehpur sikhri
Jahan, Aurengzeb
Date 1580 (Akbar),
1628,1634,1645 (Shah
Jahan)
Style/Perio Mughal
d
Centuries 16th, 17th
Building military
Type
Building fort
Usage
84
LAHORE FORT COMPLEX PLAN
85