Aerospace materials.

GUIDED BY :-
-CHAUDHARY SIR
AEROSPACE MATERIALS.
NEED OF AEROSPACE INDUSTRY:-

1. To provide a means of Transport.

2. To provide broad service requirement to
convey maximum cargo at minimum cost.
Use of Aeroplane :

1. In Transport Industry ( Civil Planes ).

2. In Cargo Industry.
3. In Defence (Fighter Planes).
Operations for the aircraft :

1. Ground.
2. Take-off (important phase for civil aircrafts).
3. Cruise ( for civil liners) & operational (for
military- important phase for military
aircrafts).
4. Landing.
Significant Parts Of
Aircraft Structure:

1. Wings
2. Fuselage Or Hull
3. Landing Gear
4. Moving Operational Parts
5. Control Surfaces ( Flaps , Rudder , Elevators ,
Ailerons )
Loads On The Wings:

1. Self weight
2. Weight of fuel stored inside them
3. Weight of engines .
Stresses on the wings:

Plane is –
 On the ground –wings bends downwards;
 Upper wing surface in tension
 lower wing surface in compression

 Airborne – wings bends upwards;

 Upper wing surface in compression
 lower wing surface in tension
Requirement Of Material properties For
Wings-

 For upper wings the main requirement is

 resistance to compression
 For upper wing the main requirement is
 Static tensile strength
 Resistance to fatigue
 For the both wings
 Good resistance to stress corrosion
 Fracture toughness
 Stiffness to resist bending & buckling
 Materials Used For Wings-
Yield stress E Density E^(1/3)/ρ
( GPa) ( tonnes/m^3)
Stainless 1081 (0.1% PS) 215 7.83 0.765
Steel,
FV 520

Titanium 830 (0.2% PS) 110 4.43 1.08

Alloys
Ti-6Al-4V
Aluminium 470 (0.3% PS) 72 2.80 1.48
Alloys,
7075-T76
Fuselage Or Hull

 What is mean by Fuselage ?

 Long cylindrical shell closed at both ends , which
carries the whole of the payload.

 Load on the Fuselage-

 Payload which acts downward & supported by the
wings at the mid-length position
Stresses on the Fuselage Or
Hull
 Effect of the payload acting downward & is
subjected at a nearly mid-length position , is
subject shell to considerable bending.
 Lower part of the body is in compression
while upper part is in tension.
 On application of rolling it subjects to torsion.
 At high altitude
 Shell is in longitudinal & circumferential tension
Requirement Of Material
properties For Fuselage-
 Static tensile strength
 Fracture toughness
 Damage tolerance
 Resistance to low cycle fatigue
Stresses in the Landing
Gears –
 High on take-off
 Fatigue loads generated during taxiing
 High static loads on the undercarriage
components of military aircrafts
 Stress occurs on the landing
Requirement Of Material
properties For landing
gears-
 Highest levels of static strength
 Low cycle fatigue strength
 Fracture toughness
 Good resistance to stress corrosion
Control surfaces-

 Stresses
 They are lightly loaded so less stress is on them
 Material properties –
 Generally lightly loaded so static strength is not
major requirement
 Temperature resistance
 Good resistance to high cycle fatigue
Materials for aircraft
structures-
1. Wood
2. Magnesium alloy
3. Steel
4. Aluminium alloy
5. Titanium alloys
6. Polymer matrix composites
Magnesium Alloys
 Magnalium :-
 Magnalium refers to an. aluminium with 5-50%magnesium. Trace
amounts of other are added to improve hardness.
 Properties
1. Low densityAlloys with smaller amounts of magnesium (about 5%)
exhibit greater strength,
2. greater corrosion resistance, and
3. Such alloys are also more workable and easier to weld than pure
aluminium.
4. Alloys with high amounts of magnesium (around 50%) are brittle and
more susceptible to corrosion than aluminium.
 Uses :-
 Although they are generally more expensive than aluminium,use in
aircraft.
Steels

 Properties
1. High density nearly 20 times of plywood
2. To minimize weight sections should be thin
3. For necessary stiffness spars had to be tubular &
complex cross section to resist buckling
4. For skins steel should be corrosion resistance &
best formability
Aluminium Alloys

 Major material for the airframe construction

 Strength to density ratio is better to steels but not to
titanium alloys
 In respect of stiffness criteria they are better than both
of steels & titanium alloys
 The yield strength of pure aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while
aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200
MPa to 600 Mpa
 Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin
surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the
metal is exposed to air
Classification Of Cast Aluminum Alloys :-

1. The First Digit :-

1. Indicates the alloy group according to the major
alloying elements.
2. The Second Digit :-
1. Indicates modifications in impurity limits
3. The Last Two Digits :-
1. Indicate specific minimum aluminum content
The major alloying elements are
indicated by the first digit,
as follows:
 2xxx Copper
 3xxx Manganese
 4xxx Silicon
 5xxx Magnesium
 6xxx Magnesium and silicon
 7xxx Zinc
 8xxx Other element
 9xxx Unused series
Temper Designations Of Wrought Aluminum
Alloys :-

 Non Heat-Treatable Alloys :-

 The letter “H” is always followed by 2 or 3 digits. The first digit
indicates the particular method used to obtain the temper. as
follows:
Hl means strain hardened only.
H2 means strain hardened, then partially annealed.
H3 means strain hardened, then stabilized.
 Heat-Treatable Alloys :-
 F -fabricated
 O-Annealed
 T- Heat treated
 H-cold worked
 2XXX series-
 Discovered by wilm in 1911
 Contents
3.5% copper, 0.5% magnesium, silicon as
adventitious
 Referred as duralumins
 Manufacturing methods
Naturally aged
Artificially aged
 Properties
high strength and excellent fatigue resistance,
readily machined to a high finish.
 It is readily formed in the annealed condition
The mechanical properties of 2024 depend greatly
on the temper of the material

 Applications:
aircraft structural components,
 aircraft fittings,
hardware, truck wheels and parts for the transportation
industry, and other miscellaneous structural applications.
 7XXX alloys
 Properties
 one of the highest strength aluminum alloys
 Its strength-to weight ratio is excellent and
 it is ideally used for highly stressed parts.
 It may be formed in the annealed condition and
subsequently heat treated
 with good fatigue strength and average
machinability,
 Apllications
 7075 is widely used for construction of aircraft
structures, such as wings and fuselages.
Titanium alloys-

 Properties-
 To develop high strength to weight ratio
 Maintain their properties at elevated temperatures
 α or near α alloys posses adequate creep resistance in
high temp. use
 High strength metastable beta alloy is capable of
strength in excess of 1500MPa
 α , β alloys can be joined by electro beam welding which
produces high quality joints
 Titanium α-β alloys are heat-treatable. They may be
significantly strengthened by precipitation hardening
 Ti-6Al-4V is the most popular Titanium α-β Alloy –
 Its total production is about half of all titanium alloys.
 Aluminum (Al) is added to the alloy as α-phase
stabilizer and hardener due its solution strengthening
effect. Vanadium (V) stabilizes ductile β-phase,
 Titanium α-β Alloys have
 high tensile strength and fatigue strength,
 good hot formability and creep resistance up to 570ºF
- 800ºF (300ºC - 425ºC).
 Titanium α-β Alloys are used for
manufacturing
 steam turbine blades,
 gas and chemical pumps,
 airframes and jet engine parts,
 pressure vessels,
 blades and discs of aircraft turbines,
 aircraft hydraulic tubing,
 rocket motor cases, cryogenic parts, marine
components.
 Titanium α-β Alloys are used for
manufacturing
 steam turbine blades,
 gas and chemical pumps,
 airframes and jet engine parts,
 pressure vessels,
 blades and discs of aircraft turbines,
 aircraft hydraulic tubing,
 rocket motor cases, cryogenic parts, marine
components.
SPECIAL THANKS TO-
1. DEVENDRA PATIL
2. SAGAR MALPURE
3. SACHIN MEDHE
4. SWAPNIL MORE

THANK YOU