Cognitive Radio Based Wireless Ad

Hoc Networks
Prepared by Aswad A. Shakur
Advised by Dr. Fan Jiang

Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical

Eng
12/07/2021
 Overview
 Existing spectrum policy forces
spectrum to behave like a
fragmented disk.
 Bandwidth is expensive and good
frequencies are taken
 Unlicensed bands – biggest
innovations in spectrum efficiency
 Recent measurements by the FCC
show that 70% of the allocated
spectrum is not utilized.
 New radio design technology –
Cognitive radio technology
provides a means to effectively
utilize the system resources.

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 What is cognitive Radio(CR)?
 CR is a technique that allows users to dynamically sense the frequency
spectrum, find the available spectrum bands in a target spectral range,
and then transmit without introducing excessive interference to the
existing users.

 Cognitive radio requirements

– Co-exists with legacy wireless systems
– Uses their spectrum resources
– Does not interfere with them

 Cognitive radio properties

– RF technology that senses the entire spectrum
– Knowledge of the primary users’ spectrum usage as a function of
location and time
3
– Rules of sharing the available resources(time,frequency,space)
Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical
12/07/2021
Engineering
 System Description
 We consider a multicarrier DS CDMA
system in conjunction with a wireless
ad hoc network
 The wireless channel is modeled as
frequency-selective, Rayleigh fading
channel.
 The available frequency spectrum is
divided into M equi-width frequency
bands each with bandwidth B
 Assume each subcarrier experiences
flat fading
 At time t, assume N CR transmitter-
reciever pairs want to access the
channel, and the i-th pair, i=1,…,N
has a specified data rate requirement,
Ri and BERi
4 Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical Engineering
 Let Fi be the set of free subcarriers
available to user i with Ai free
subcarriers in that set
 Let Pi(k) , Si(k) (f), and bi(k) be the
transmit power, noise PSD, and bits-
per-symbol transmitted respectively
by CR user i on its k-th subcarrier,
k=1,….Ai
 αij(k) indicates the channel gain
between the i-th transmiter and j-th
reciever on subcarrier k
 We employ M-ary quadrature
amplitude modulation(MQAM)
12/07/2021
 Problem Formulation
 By appropriately selecting the subcarriers, the objective is to minimize the required power consumption of all
the CR users while satisfying the data rate requirement of each of them.
 Mathematically, the problem is formulated as follows:

subject to,

 In order to solve this constrained optimization problem, we must know F i, Si(k)(f), and αij(k)
 We employ multitaper spectrum estimation method (MTM) to determine
 Available subcarrier set Fi
 Channel state information
 Noise power at the receiver

5 Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical

Engineering 12/07/2021
 Spectrum Management and Power Control

 An indicator of the quality of the k-th subcarrier of i-th user is defined as

is the channel gain and is the noise power

 A CR user assumes that no other users will share the resources with it, then
sorts its available subcarriers from best to worst based on the IQ values.
 A CR user selects the best subcarriers for its transmission with minimal power
 For N CR users with k free subcarriers for their transmission from a common
available subcarrier set F of size m,

 are the power vector, the data rate vector and SINR
threshold vector, respectively, for the Q users on the conflicting subcarrier.
 For user i, i=1,…,Q, the received SINR is

6 Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical 12/07/2021

Engineering
 Cont’d
 Data rate requirement of user i is
 Some natural questions are:
1. How to protect the primary users when a subcarrier detection
error occurs
2. How to protect the CR user once it is admitted to the system
3. How to find when it is not possible to find an optimal power
vector for all the Q users with the current data rate.
4. What the effect is of a maximum power constraint.

7 Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical 12/07/2021

Engineering
 Adaptive Power Control Algorithm with User Protection and Adaptive Rate Control(APC/UP/ARC)

 User i, i=1,…,Q, is in the active user set X(k) iff user i is originally a primary
user or user i is a cognitive radio user such that its

 User i,i=1,…,Q, is in the transition user set Y(k) iff user i is originally a CR user
and its

 The APC/UP is described as

 The protection margin δ is used to compensate for the interference induced by

CR users(δ is slightly larger than 1)

Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical

8 12/07/2021
Engineering
 Cont’d
 Adaptive Rate Control(ARC)
 A CR user pre-sets a time duration Ti within which to access the system
 After Ti steps, if it does not gain access, compute ∆Ti which is a decreasing function of the difference between
its current SINR and its target one
 If after Ti + ∆Ti steps, it still not gain access, decrease data rate by ∆B
 Repeat the above process until a CR user gains access successfully or stops transmission because B i ≤ 0

 Distress signaling concept is used to overcome the maximum power constraint

Pi_max
 When user i is approaching power constraint Pi_max
 a distress signal is broadcast and each CR user in the vicinity of user i will decrease its data rate by ∆B and
thus decrease its power
 User i will experience less interference and decrease its power level
 If after user i broadcast the distress signal, the power is still increasing, it then decreases it data rate by
∆B

9 Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical Engineering 12/07/2021

 THANK YOU

10 Tuskegee University, Department of Electrical Engineering 12/07/2021