CHAPTER 5

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

DISCHARGE OR FLOW , Q
 Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing
through a section per unit of time. This expressed as a mass flow
rate (ex. kg/sec) weight flow rate (ex. kN/sec), and volume flow
rate or flow rate (ex. m/s , lit/s ).

Volume flow rate , Q = A

Mass flow rate, M =
Weight flow rate, W =
Where:
= Discharge in m/s or ft/s
A = cross-section area of flow in m
= mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
= mass density in kg/m or slug/ft
= weight density in N/m or lb/ft
CONTINUITY EQUATION

for incompressible fluids:

= = = =
for compressible fluids:
= = =
= = =
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force to
viscous force

=

= mean velocity in m/sec
D = pipe diameter
V = kinematic viscosity of fluid in m/s
= absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa-s

The flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do
not cross or intersect. The flow is laminar when Reynolds number is than
(approximately 2,100.
The flow is said to turbulent when the path of individual particles are
irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally
occurs when the Reynolds number exceed 2,100, (although the most
common situation is when it exceeds 4,000).
ENERGY AND HEAD
The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consist of the kinetic and potential energy.

Kinetic Energy
The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

1 2
, . . = M 2 =
2
.. 2
Kinetic or Velocity Head = =
2

Elevetion Energy (Potential Energy)

The energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or
elevation with respect to a datum plane.

Elevation Energy = Wz = Mgz

Elevation Head = =z

PRESSURE ENERGY (POTENTIAL ENERGY)

Pressure Energy =W


Pressure Head = =

where :
z = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane
p = fluid pressure
v = mean velocity of flow

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energies

2
Total Head = + +z
2
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
Power is the rate at which work is done.

Efficiency, = 100%

note:
1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 watts
1 Horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec
 BERNOULLIS ENERGY THEOREM

Energy Equation without Head lost

1 = 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
+ + 1 = + + 2
2 2

Energy Equation with Head lost

1 12 = 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
+ + 1 = + + 2 + 12
2 2
Energy Equation with Pump

1 + 12 = 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
+ + 1 + = + + 2 + 12
2 2
=

Energy Equation with Turbine

1 12 = 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
+ + 1 = + + 2 + 12 +
2 2
=
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example#1 [5-1G].
Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity
of 3 m/s. Find (a). The volume flow rate in m3/sec and lit/sec,
(b). The mass flow rate in kg/sec, and (c) the weight flow rate in
N/sec.
Solution:

(a). Q=AV

= (0.075m)2(3m/sec)
4
=0.013m3/sec (1000 lit/m3)
Q = 13 lit/sec
(b). M = Q
= 1000kg/m3 (0.013m3/sec)
M= 13 kg/sec ( mass flow rate)
(c). W = Q
= 9810N/m3 (0.013m3 /sec)
W = 127 N/sec ( weight flow rate)
Example #2 [251B].
A 60 mm diameter pipe as shown contains glycerine ( =
1258 kg/m3) at 8.5 m3/hr.
Compute the velocity, Re (Reynolds number), & Head loss(HL).

B
3.8 atm

12m

A
2 atm
Solution:
Q = AV ; V = Q/A
Q = 8.5 m3/hr( 1hr/3600sec) = 0.002361 m3/sec

A = 9(0.06m) 2 = 0.002827 m2
4
V = 0.002361/0.002827 = 0.835 m/sec

Re = VD/ ; = absolute / dynamic viscosity

= 1.49 Pa-s
Re = (1258)(0.835)(0.06)/ 1.49
= 42 < 2100 ; Laminar flow

HL = ? Patm = 101.325 kPa

BEEA = BEEB
VA2 P VB2 P
+ + ZA HL = + + ZB
2 2
2(101325Pa) 3.8(101325Pa)
0+ + 0 HL = 0 + + 12
9.81(1258) 9.81(1258)
HL = - 26.79m ; negative means flow is B to A.
Example # 3 [5-6G].
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water
through it is 0.61 m3/s. Assuming an efficient of 87% , what is
the head acting on the turbine?
Solution:

Power output = 600 hp

Efficiency , = 87%

600
Power input = = 689.655 hp x (746watts/1 hp)
0.87
Power input = 514, 483 watts

Power input = QHE

514,483 = 0.61(9,810)(HE)
HE = 85.97 m
Example # 4 [5-16G].
A pump draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10
m and lifts it to reservoir B at elevation 60 m as shown in
Figure 5-16G. The loss of head from A to 1 is 2 times the
velocity head in the 200-mm pipe and the loss of head from 2
to B is 10 times the velocity head in the 150-mm pipe.
Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure
heads at 1 and 2 when the discharge is 0.03 m3 /s .
Solution:
Q = Q1 = Q2
V2 8Q2
=
2g 2gD4
V12 8(0.03)2
= = 0.0465 m
2g 2(9.81)(0.2)4
V22 8(0.03)2
= = 0.147 m
2g 2(9.81)(0.15)4

Energy Equation between A and B:

EA HLA-1 + HA HL1-B = EB
VA2 Pa VB2 P
+ + Za HLA-1 + HA HL1-B = + + Zb
2 2
0 + 0 + 10 2(0.0465) + HA -10(0.147)= 0 + 0 + 60
HA = 51.563m

P = QE = 9810 ( 0.03)(51.563)
P = 15,175 watts ( 1hp/746 watts) = 20.34 hp
Pressure head at 1 and 2

Energy equation 1and 2:

EA +HLA-1 = E1
VA2 P V12 P1
+ + ZA HLA-1 = + + Z1
2 2
P1
0 + 0 + 10 2(0.0465) = 0.0465 + +0

P
= 9.86 m of water

Energy Equation between of 2 and B;

E2 + HL2-B = EB
V22 P2 VB2 P
+ + Z2 HL2-B = + + ZB
2 2
P2
0.147 + + 0 10(0.147) = 0 + 0 + 60

P
= 61.323 m of water

Example #5 [ 5-19G].
A 20 hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiency
draws water from a suction line whose is 200-mm and
discharge into air through a line whose diameter is 150 mm.
The velocity in the 150 mm line is 3.6 m/s. If the pressure at
point A in the suction pipe is -34 kPa below the atmosphere,
where A is 1.8 m below B on the 150 mm pipe. Determine the
maximum elevation above B to which water can be raised
assuming a head loss of 3m due to friction.
Solution:
V2 = 3.6 m/s
Vc2
= 0.66 m
2
Discharge:
Q2 = A2V2

= (0.15)2 ( 3.6)
4
Q = Q1 = Q2 = 0.0636 m3 /s

0.0636
V1 = = 2.025 m/s
(/4)(0.2)2
VA2
= 0.21 m
2

Head added:
Poutput = QHA
20(746) = 0.0636(9810)(HA)
HA = 23.91m
Energy equation from A to C:(datum at A)
EA + HA HL = E c
VA2 P Vc2 P
+ + ZA + Ep 3 = + + Zc
2 2
34
0.21 - + 0 + 23.91 3 = 0.66 + 0 + (1.8 + h)
9.81

h = 15.19m
Example # 6.
The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually
from 150 mm at A to 450 mm at B. A is 4.5 m lower than B. If the
pressure at A is 70 kPa and that B is 50 kPa, when 140 L/s is
flowing.

(a) Determine the direction of flow.

(b) Find the frictional loss between the two points.
Solution:
QA = QB = 0.14 m3 /s
Velocity head:
VA2 8(0.14)2
= 2 = 3.1990m
2 (9.81)(0.15)4
VB2 8(0.14)2
= 2 = 0.0395 m
2 (9.81)(0.45)4
Pressure head:
P
= 70/9.81 = 7.1356 m ;

P
= 50/9.81 = 5.0968 m

Total head:
V2 P
E= + +Z
2
EA = 3.1990 + 7.1356 + 0 = 10.3346 m
EB = 0.0395 + 5.0968 + 4.5 = 9.6363 m
; The flow is always from higher energy to lower energy. EA >
EB, thus, the flow will be from A to B. Answer
Energy equation between A and B:
EA HL = EB
10.3346 HL = 9.6363; HL = 0.6983 m