Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acid-Base Homeostasis
BY
Rashid Hussain
Post R.N Bsc Nursing
2
Acid-Base Homeostasis
Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis
concerning the proper balance between acids and bases, in
other words, the pH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level,
so strong mechanisms exist to maintain it. Outside the
acceptable range of pH, proteins are denatured and digested,
enzymes lose their ability to function, and death may occur.
3
Conti…
4
ACIDS BASES
dissociates
While weak acids have
less tendency to
dissociate
5
There are two types of acids
formed:
Volatile acids can be Non-Volatile acids Cannot be
excreted from the body as eliminated by the lungs and
must be eliminated by the
gas. Carbonic acid produced
kidneys
by the hydration of carbon
All metabolic acids except
dioxide is a volatile acid carbolic are non-volatile acids
Normally carbon dioxide is These include sulfuric acid,
excreted by the lungs as fast phosphoric acid, lactic acid,
as metabolism produces it, so ketoacids like acetoacetic acid
carbonic acid is not allowed to and beta hydroxybutyric acid,
and small amounts of other
accumulate and alter pH
inorganic and organic acids
6
A Review of Important Terms
Relating to Acid-Base Balance
8
Acid Base Balance
Three primary system to maintain H+
concentration:
• Chemical Buffers: - chemical system, act
with in seconds to neutralize H+ excess
9
Buffer Systems in Body Fluids
10
3 Major Chemical Buffer
Systems
Protein buffer systems:
• Help regulate pH in ECF and ICF
• Interact extensively with other buffer
systems
12
Amino Acids in
Protein Buffer Systems
13
b) Hemoglobin within RBCs.
14
CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSION
Systemic Circulation
Red Blood Cell
Plasma
Cl-
carbonic (Chloride Shift)
anhydrase
CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
HCO3-
+ H + + HCO3-
H+ is buffered by
Hemoglobin
Hb
H2O
Click for Carbon
Dioxide diffusion
Cl-
HCO3-
CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
Cl-
CO2 H+
18
Alveolus
2: Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid
Buffer System
Bicarbonate buffer system is the most
powerful ECF buffer
Blood Buffer systems act instantaneously
and thus constitute the body’s first line of
defense against acid-base imbalance
HCO3- and CO2 are regulated by kidney and
lung
19
2: Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid
Buffer System
Is based on the concentration of HCO3- ions, which
acts as a weak base and H2CO3, which acts as weak
acid.
HCO3- is a significant anion in both ICFs & ECFs
If there is an excess of H+ ions, the HCO3- can
function as weak base an remove the excess H+.
• H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ 20
3: Phosphate buffer system
Main elements are H2 PO4- and HPO4=
21
Phosphate Buffer
22
Respiratory regulation of Acid
base balance
Lungs 2nd line of defense in maintaining acid base balance
23
Respiratory Buffer
Normal CO2 in ECF is 1-2 ml/L equals to PCO2 of 40
mmHg
24
Effect of H+ Concentration on
Alveolar Ventilation
Respiratory compensation in not as effective in
case of increase in pH, as it is effective in reduction
in pH.
If pH decreases from 7.4 to 7.0, alveolar ventilation
rate will increase 04-05 times.
Change in alveolar ventilation rate will be more in
case of increase in H+ as compared to decrease in
H+
25
Respiratory Buffer
26
Respiratory Buffer
27
ACIDOSIS
Acidosis is a decrease in pH below 7.35
28
H +
= pH
ACIDOSIS
May be caused by:
• An increase in H2CO3
• A decrease in HCO 3
-
H2CO3 HCO 3
-
29
ALKALOSIS
Alkalosis is a increase in pH above 7.45
30
H +
= pH
ALKALOSIS
May be caused by:
• An increase in HCO3-
• A decrease in H2CO3
Both lead to a increase in the ratio of 20:1
H2CO3 HCO 3
-
31
32
Acid-Base Imbalances
33
ACIDOSIS
decreased failure of metabolic production absorption of prolonged
removal of kidneys to acid of keto acids metabolic acids diarrhea
CO2 from excrete from GI tract
lungs acids
deep
vomiting
from
respiratory metabolic GI tract
increase in
acidosis plasma H+ acidosis
concentration kidney
disease
(uremia)
34
depression of
nervous system
ALKALOSIS
anxiety overdose high prolonged ingestion of excess
of certain altitudes vomiting excessive aldosterone
drugs alkaline drugs
hyperventilatio
hyperventilation loss of acid accumulation
n 2 and
loss of CO of base
Hloss CO2 and
2CO3 from
H2CO 2 from
blood
respiratory metabolic
alkalosis alkalosis
decrease
in plasma H+
concentration
overexcitability
35 of nervous
system
Normal Blood Gas Values
pH – 7.35 - 7.45
PCO2 - 35 – 45 mmHg
HCO3 – 22 – 26 meq/liter
PO2 – 90-100 mmHg
O2 Saturation 94-97%
BE – base excess = + 2 meq/liter
36
37
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
38
39
40
Don’t see others doing
better than you…
Beat your own records
everyday!!
Because success is a
fight between YOU and
YOURSELF…
Victory is not the property of
the brilliants…
It is the crown for those who
believe in hard work.
Winners never quit
and quitters never wins…
44