ASPHALT

also known as, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or

semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may
be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch.
Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used

USES OF ASPHALT PRODUCTS:

1. Pavement construction
2. Sealing and waterproofing agents.

TAR
produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal or by
cracking petroleum vapors.
MAIN PRODUCTS OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PROCESS OF
CRUDE PETROLEUM:
1. Gasoline
2. Kerosene
3. Diesel oil
4. Asphalt residue (asphalt cement)

NOTE:
the quantity and quality of the asphalt depends on the crude petroleum source
and the refining method.
NIGERIAN OILS
produce little asphalt.

MIDDLE EASTERN OILS

have a high asphalt content

DISTILLATION
a process that consist of driving gas or vapor from liquid or solids by
heating and condensing to liquid products and that is used especially for
purification, fractionation or the formation of new substances.
TOPICS:
TYPES OF ASPHALT PRODUCTS
USES OF ASPHALT
TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF
ASPHALT
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT
SUPERPAVE AND PERFORMANCE GRADE
BINDERS
CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT
CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHALT
ASPHALT CONCRETE
ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT
CONCRETE
ASPHALT CONCRETE PRODUCTION
RECYCLING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
ADDITIVES
ASPHALT USED IN PAVEMENTS IS PRODUCED IN THREE FORMS:
1. ASPHALT CEMENT
A blend of hydrocarbons of different molecular weights.
A semi-solid material that cannot be applied readily as a binder without
being heated.
Most common binder material used in pavements.

2. ASPHALT CUTBACK
Produced by dissolving asphalt cement in a lighter molecular weight
hydrocarbon solvent.
3. ASPHALT EMULSION
Asphalt cement is physically broken down into micron-sized globules that
are mixed into water containing an emulsifying agent.

TWO DISTINCT COMPONENTS OF EMULSIFYING MOLECULE:

1) Head portion
2) Tail portion
BREAKING OR SETTING
phenomenon of separation between the asphalt residue and water
MAIN USES OF ASPHALT:
1. Pavement construction
2. Pavement maintenance
3. Sealing and waterproofing various structural components

ASPHALT CEMENTS (asphalt binders)

Used typically to make hot-mix asphalt concrete for the surface layer
of asphalt pavements.

ASPHALT CONCRETE
Used in patching and repairing both asphalt and portland cement
concrete pavements.

LIQUID ASPHALTS (emulsions and cutbacks)

Used for pavement maintenance applications.
 The consistency of asphalt is greatly affected by temperature
low temperature asphalts gets hard and brittle
high temperature asphalts gets soft.
The viscosity of the asphalt decreases when the temperature increases.
Additives can be used to reduce temperature susceptibility
Due to temperature susceptibility, the grade of asphalt cement should be
selected according to the climate of the area.
soft grade asphalts cold climates
hard grade asphalts hot climates.
MIXTURE OF ASPHALT:
1. Wide variety of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon atom)
2. Minor components (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace metals)

ARANGEMENTS OF ASPHALT MOLECULES DEPENDING ON THE

CARBON ATOM LINKS:
1. Aliphatic or parraffinic
2. Saturated rings
3. Unsaturated rings or aromatic
ASPHALT CEMENT CONSISTS:
1. ASPHALTENES
dark brown friable solids that are chemically complex, with the
highest polarity among the components.
responsible for the viscosity and the adhesive property of the asphalt.

2. MALTENES
CONSIST OF:
1) Resins
dark and semi solid or solid
act as agent to disperse asphaltenes in the oils
2) Oils
clear or white liquids
ASPHALTENES
THREE FRACTIONAL SCHEMES USED TO SEPARATE ASPHALT COMPONENTS:
1. Partitioning with partial solvents
n-butamol is added

2. Selective adsorption desorption

n-heptane is added

3. Chemical precipitation
n-pentane
SULFUR ACID
added in increasing strengths to precipitate other fractions.
STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM (SHRP)
began developing a new system for specifying asphalt materials
and designing asphalt mixes.

2 METHODS PRODUCED BY SHRP

1. Superpave (superior performing asphalt pavements) mix
designed method
for asphalt concrete
2. Performance grading method
for asphalt binder specification.
THREE DISTRESS MODES:
1. Rutting
2. Fatigue cracking
3. Thermal cracking

ASPHALT BINDER
asphalt cement with or without the addition of modifiers.
PERFORMANCE GRADE TESTS
Used to characterize the asphalt binder are performed at pavement
temperature to represent he upper, middle, and lower range of service temperatures.

3 PAVEMENT DESIGN TEMPERATURE FOR BINDER CHARACTERIZATION

1. A maximum
2. An intermediate
3. A minimum temperature
PERFORMANCE GRADE BINDER CHARACTERIZATION

4 TEST THAT ARE USED IN THE PERFORMANCE GRADE METHOD

- flash point - rotational viscosity
- solubility - dynamic shear rheometer
ROLLING THIN-FILM OVEN (RTFO)
Procedure that is used to simulate the short term aging that occurs in the asphalt
during production of asphalt concrete.

PRESSURE-AGING VESSEL (PAV)

Designed to simulate the oxidative aging that occurs in asphalt binder during
pavement service.

FLASH POINT
Safety test that measures the temperature at which the asphalt flashes ; asphalt
cement may be heated to a temperature below this without becoming a fire hazard.
The CLEVELAND OPEN CUP METHOD (ASTM D92) requires partially filling a
standard brass cup with asphalt cement.
ROLLING THIN-FILM OVEN PRESSURE-AGING VESSEL FLASH POINT
ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER TEST (ASTM D4402)
Performed on un aged binders.

DYNAMIC SHEAR RHEOMETER TEST

Used to measure 3 specification requirements, in the performance grading
system.

BENDING BEAM RHEOMETER TEST

measure the midpoint deflection of a simply supported prismatic beam of
asphalt binder subjected to a constant load applied to its midpoint.
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETER TEST DYNAMIC SHEAR
RHEOMETER TEST BENDING BEAM RHEOMETER
DIRECT TENSION TEST
Consist of displacement-controlled tensile loading machine with gripping
system, a temperature controlled chamber, measuring devices, and a data
acquisition system.

*STRAIN AT FAILURES
Measure of the amount of elongation that the asphalt binder can
sustain without cracking.

TRADITIONAL ASPHALT CHARACTERIZATION TEST

PENETRATION TEST (ASTM D5)

Measure asphalt cement consistency
ABSOLUTE AND KINEMATIC VISCOSITY TESTS
Also measure asphalt cement consistency.
DIRECT TENSION TEST PENETRATION TEST ABSOLUTE AND KINEMATIC VISCOSITY TEST
2 types of Viscosity
1. Absolute Viscosity
Requires heating the asphalt cement and pouring it into a viscometer placed in
a water or oil bath at a temperature of 60C (140F).

VISCOMETER
Is a tube with a reservoir where the asphalt is introduced and a
section with a calibrated diameter and timing marks.

2. Kinematic Viscosity
Similar to absolute viscosity test except that the test temperature is
135C (275F).
VISCOMETER
CHARACTERIZATION OF EMULSION AND CUTBACK
Common methods:
1. Distillation and Saybolt-Furol viscosity test (emulsion)
2. Distillation (Cutback)

DISTILLATION OF CUTBACK AND EMULSION

Measure the amount and character of volatile constituents it contains.
It determines the present of residue and oil distillate by weight.

SAYBOLT FUROL VISCOSITY OF EMULSION

SAYBOLT-FUROL VISCOMETER measures the emulsion viscosity
SAYBOLT-VISCOSITY is the time (in seconds)required to fill a special flask.
DISTILLATION OF CUTBACK SAYBOLT FUROL VISCOSITY OF EMULSION
AND EMULSION
CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHALT

A. ASPHALT BINDERS
produced in several grades or classes

4 methods in classifying asphalt binders.

1. Performance grading
2. Penetration grading.
3. Viscosity grading
4. Viscosity of aged residue grading
B. ASPHALT CUTBACKS
3 TYPES
1. RAPID-CURING-CUTBACK S
Produced by dissolving hard residue in a highly volatile solvent,
such as gasoline.
2. MEDIUM-CURING-CUTBACKS
Used medium hardness residue and a less volatile solvent,
such as kerosene.
3. SLOW-CURING-CUTBACKS
Produced by either diluting soft residue in non-volatile or low
volatility fuel oil.

C. ASPHALT EMULSION
Produced in a variety of combination of the electric charge of the
emulsifying agent, the rate of emulsion sets (brakes), the viscosity of the
emulsion and the hardness of the asphalt cement.
ASPHALT CONCRETE
Also known as hot mix asphalt (HMA)
Consist of asphalt cement and aggregate mixed together at a high
temperature and placed and compacted on the road while still hot.

OBJECTIVES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX DESIGH PROCESS IS TO

PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:
1. Stability or resistance to permanent deformation
2. Fatigue resistance
3. Resistance to thermal cracking.
4. Resistance to hardening or aging during production.
5. Resistance to moisture-induced damage.
6. Skid resistance
7. Workability
ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX DESIGH
Purpose is to determine the design asphalt content using the available
asphalt and aggregates.

A. SPECIMEN PREPARATION IN THE LABORATORY

3 COMPACTION MACHINES
1. Super pave gyratory compactor
2. Marshall hammer
3. California kneading compactor

4 STEPS OF PREPARING SPECIMEN

1. Heat and mix the aggregate and asphalt cement
2. Place the material into a mold
3. Apply compactive force
4. Allow the specimen to cool and extrude from the mold
Super pave gyratory Marshall hammer compactor
California
kneading compactor
B. DENSITY AND VOIDS ANALYSIS
MIX DESIGN
is a process to determine the volume of asphalt binder and
aggregate required to produced a mixture with the desired
properties.

C. SUPERPAVE MIX DESIGN

consist of:
Selection of aggregates
Selection of binders
Determination of design aggregate structure
Determination of design binder content
Evaluation of moisture susceptibility
D. SUPERPAVE SIMPLE PERFORMANCE TEST (SPT)

DYNAMIC MODULUS TEST

Consist of applying an axial sinusolcial compressive stress to an
unconfined or confined HMA cylindrical test specimen.

TRIAXIAL STATIC CREEP TEST

Provides sufficient information to determine the instantaneous
elastic (recoverable) and plastic (irrecoverable) components of the
materials response.

TRIAXIAL REPEATED LOAD PERMANENT DEFORMATION TEST

A haversine pulse load consisting of a 0 .1 s and 0.9 s
dwell time is applied for test duration, typically about 3
hours or 10,000 loading cycle.
E. MARSHALL METHOD OF MIX DESIGN
1. Aggregate evaluation
2. Asphalt cement evaluation
3. Specimen preparation
4. Marshall stability and flow measurement
5. Density and void analysis
6. Design asphalt content determination
F. HVEEM METHOD OF MIX DESIGN
HVEEM STABILOMETER
a device that allows for the application of a lateral pressure on the
specimen while applying vertical load using a compression machine.

G. EVALUATION OF MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY

(Stripping) loss of bond between asphalt and aggregates
ASPHALT CONCRETE
is a non linear viscoelastic or viscoelastoplastic material.
produced in either a batch plant or a continuous (drum) plant.

ASPHALT PAVEMENTS NORMALLY FAIL DUE TO:

1. Rutting
2. Fatigue cracking
3. Thermal cracking
4. Excessive roughness of the pavement surface
5. Bleeding or flushing
6. Raveling
7. Stripping
8. Other factors
INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH
for the design of the layer thickness of the asphalt concrete layer
to resist the tension developed at the bottom

DIAMETRAL TENSILE RESILIENT MODULUS

Evaluate the structural response of the asphalt pavement system.

FREEZE AND THAW TEST

Evaluates the effect freeze and thaw cycle on the stiffness properties of
aspalt concrete.

USE OF RHEOLOGICAL MODELS TO ANALYZED TIME-DEPENDENT RESPONSE

Rheological models consisting of combination of hookean (spring) and
newtonean (dashpots) elements have been used to analyzed the response
of time-dependent materials.
WAYS OF PRODUCTION:
1. BATCH PLANT
used extensively in the past in United States.

2. CONTINUOUS PLANT
more energy efficient
asphalt concrete is produced continuously
THREE TYPES OF RECYCLING:
1. SURFACE RECYCLING
the reworking of the top 25mm (1 in.) of the pavement surface using a
heater-scarifer.

2. CENTRAL PLANT RECYCLING

performed by milling the old pavement and sending the reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) to a central asphalt concrete plant, where it is mixed with
some form of rejuvenating agent or soft asphalt and aggregates to produce
hot-mixed asphalt concrete.

3. IN-PLACE RECYCLING
performed by ripping and pulverizing the old pavement surface and adding
new aggregate, water, and asphalt emulsion.
 FILLERS
Used to satisfy gradation requirements of materials passing the 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve, to increase stability, to improve bond between
aggregates an asphalt, or to fill the voids and thus reduce the required
asphalt.

EXTENDERS
sulfur and lignin
Used to reduce the asphalt requirements, thus reducing the cost.
 RUBBER
In the form of natural rubber, styrene-butadiene (SBR), styrene-butadiene-
styrene (SBS), or recycled tire rubber.
Increases elasticity and stiffness of the mix and increases the bond
between asphalt and aggregates.

PLASTICS
Increase the stiffness of the mix, thus reducing the rutting potential.
May reduce the temperature susceptibility of asphalt and improve its
performance at low temperature.
 ANTISTRIPPING AGENTS
Used to improve the bond between asphalt cement and aggregates,
especially for water susceptibility mixtures.
LIME
- the most commonly used antistripping agent and can be added as
a filler or a lime slurry and mixed with the aggregates.
PORTLAND CEMENT
- alternative to lime

OTHERS
Fibers, oxidants, antioxidants, and hydrocarbons.
Used to modify certain asphalt properties tensile strength and stiffness.