BASIC DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Presented by
RICHA BARSAINYA
 Digital Electronics
Digital electronics is a branch of electronics which deals with digital format of data and
codes.
Digital stand for digit, digital electronics basically has two conditions which are possible,
0 (low logic) and 1 (high logic).
Digital electronic systems use a digital signal that are composed of mathematical features to
work.
"1" as true and "0" as false are called bit and the group of bits are named byte.
Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates.
Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of
two states: 1 and number 0.
A modem is used to convert the digital information in your computer to analog signals for
your device and to convert analog signals to digital information for your computer.
 Advantages of Digital Electronics
Computer-controlled digital systems can be controlled by software, allowing new
functions to be added without changing hardware.
Information storage can be easier in digital systems than in analog ones.
The noise-immunity of digital systems permits data to be stored and retrieved without
noise.
In a digital system are easier to design and more precise representation of a signal can be
obtained by using more binary digits to represent it.
More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips.
 Limitations of Digital Electronics
Conversion to digital format and re-conversion to analog format is needed, which always
include the lost of information.
In some cases, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits and produce more
heat and need heat sinks.
Digital circuits are sometimes more expensive, especially in small quantities.
 DECIMAL

BASIC HEXA
BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM DECIMAL

OCTAL
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

DIGITS 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

BASE 10
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

DIGITS 0,1

BASE 2
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
DIGITS
8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

BASE 16
 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

0,1,2,3,4,
DIGITS
5,6,7,8.

BASE 8
CONVERSIONS IN BASIC
NUMBER SYSTEM
 BINARY TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION 4 3 2 DECIMAL

1*2 +0*2 +1*2
10101 +0*21 +1*2.0
54321 21

MUL WITH
BINARY
BASE

11
 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION 2 DECIMAL

5A9 5*16
321 +A*161 1449
+9*160
MUL WITH
HEX
BASE

12
 OCTAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION 1 DECIMAL

2
645 6*8 +4*8
3 2 1 +5*8.0 421

MUL WITH
OCTAL
BASE

13
 DECIMAL TO BINARY

Divide through out by 2

Q=19 Q=9 Q=4 Q=2 Q=1 Q=0

39 R=1 19 R=1 9 R=1 4 R=0 2 R=0 1 R=1

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 39
BINARY = 100111
 DECIMAL TO HEX

Divide through out by 16

Q=2 Q=0
35 R=3 2 R=2

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 35
HEX = 23
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL

Divide through out by 8

Q=57 Q=7 Q=0

461 R=5
57 R=1
7 R=7

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 461
OCTAL = 715
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

BINARY 4BITS DIV HEX

(010111011001) 2 (0101)(1101)(1001) (5) (D) (9) =(5D9)
16

17
 BINARY TO OCTAL

BINARY 3BIT DIV OCTAL

(101111100)2 (101)(111)(100) (5) (7) (4)

=(574)8

18
 HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

HEX EXPANSION BINARY

(5C) (0101)(1100) (01011100)
16 2

19
 OCTAL TO BINARY

OCTAL EXPANSION BINARY

(436) 8 (100)(011) (100011110)

(110) 2

20
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

HEX (4DF) 16

EXP (0100)(1101)(1111)

BINARY (010011010000) 2

3BIT DIV (010)(011)(011)(111)

OCTAL (2337) 8
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

OCTAL (456) 8

EXP (100)(101)(110)

BINARY (100101110)2

4BIT DIV (0001)(0010)(1110)

HEX (12E)16
 BINARY ARITHMETIC

1
BINARY ADDITION

2
BINARY SUBTRACTION

3
BINARY MULTIPLICATION

4
BINARY DIVISION
 BINARY ADDITION

0+0=0
1+0=1
0+1=1
1 + 1 = 0 (1 Carry bit)

1 1 0 1 (13 decimal)
+0 0 0 1 (+1 decimal)
1 1 1 0 (14 decimal)
 BINARY SUBTRACTION

00=0
10=1
01=1 (1 borrow bit)
11=0 Borrow

1 1 0 1 (13 decimal)
- 0 0 1 1 (-3 decimal)
1 0 1 0 (10 decimal)
 BINARY MULTIPLICATION

0 x 0 = 0
0 x 1 = 0
1 x 0 = 0
1 x 1 = 1

101 =510
X 11 =310
101
+1010
1111 = 1510
 BINARY DIVISION

011 ) 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 ( 1
-0 1 1
000 (0
-000
000 (0
-000
0 0 1 (0
-0 0 0
010
Q=1000=1610

R=10= 210
 Basic Logic Operation
What is Logic Gate?

Digital gate is a Digital Device used to perform the logic operation

Logic gates (or simply gates) are the fundamental building blocks of digital circuitry

Electronic gates require a power supply.

Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values,
e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.

The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only,

e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.

In general, there is only one output to a logic gate except in some special cases.
 NOT Gate
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is X, the inverted output is
known as NOT X. This is also shown as X', or X with a bar over the top, as shown at the
outputs.
 OR Gate
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs
are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

X+Y=Z

Equivalent circuit:
 AND Gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are
high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation (X.Y), Bear in mind that this dot is
sometimes omitted (XY).

X Y=Z
 NOR Gate
This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs
of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a
small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.
 NAND Gate
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The
outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND
gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.
 XOR Gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if its two inputs are
different. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR operation.
 XNOR Gate
The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the XOR gate. It will give a low
output when its two inputs are different. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle
on the output. The small circle represents inversion.
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