Refrigeration & Air

conditioning
 Introduction
We know that heat is always flowing from higher
temperature to lower temperature .

If we want to supply heat from lower temperature to

higher temperature, some external work must be
provided. This principle is used in refrigeration. This
principle is also known as second law of
thermodynamics.
 What is Refrigeration?
The process of removing heat from a space or substance
to reduce and maintain its temperature below
atmospheric and transferring that heat to another space.

It is the method of removing heat from low temperature

space (Refrigerator cabinet) to high temperature space
(Atmosphere).
 Application of refrigeration
Storage of food

Transportation of food

Preservation of medicines, blood, tissues

Manufacturing of ice

Various industries to produce cooling

Processing of petroleum and other chemical products

Air conditioning in residence, auditoriums, hospitals,

offices etc.
 Important Terminologies
Refrigeration:

It is the method of removing heat from space which is

require to be cooled below atmospheric temperature and
transfer it to high temperature space by consuming
mechanical work.
 Important Terminologies
Refrigerants:

The working substance used in refrigerating equipment

is known as refrigerant.

It is a heat carrying medium which absorbs heat from

refrigerator and rejects to outside the refrigerator (in
atmosphere).
 Properties of good refrigerant
It should have high latent heat of evaporation.
It should have good thermal conductivity for rapid heat
transfer.
It should be non-toxic, non-flammable and non
corrosive.
It should have reasonable cost and should be easily
available.
It should have low specific heat in liquid state.
It should have high COP.
 Important refrigerants
Ammonia

Carbon dioxide

Air

R11 (Trichloro monofluoro methane)

R12 (Dichloro difluoro methane)

R22 (Monochloro trifluoro methane)

R134A (Tetrafluro ethane)

 Important Terminologies
Refrigerating Effect:

It is the amount of heat absorbed by the refrigerant from

the space to be cooled.

Unit: Tons of Refrigeration (TOR), kW

 Important Terminologies
Tons of Refrigeration:

It is amount of heat required to remove in order to

convert 1 ton of water at 0C to 1 ton of ice at 0C in 24
hours.
1 TOR = (Mass of ice * latent heat of ice) / 24 * 3600
= (900 * 335) / 24*3600
= 3.5 KW = 210 kJ/min
 Important Terminologies
Co-efficient of Performance (COP):

The performance of refrigerator is expressed by co

efficient of performance (COP).

It is define as the ratio of refrigerating effect to the work

required to produce that refrigerating effect.

COP = Refrigerating effect / Work supplied

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Main Parts of Vapour compression system:

Compressor

Condenser

Expansion valve

Evaporator
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Compressor:

At point 1 low pressure, low temperature vapour enters

the compressor.

Compressor compresses the vapour and high pressure

and temperature vapour leaves compressor at point 2.

This process is isentropic process.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Condenser:

High pressure high temperature vapour enters in to

condenser and rejects heat to cooling medium and gets
condensed.

Condition of refrigerant at exit to condenser (Point 3) is

high pressure high temperature saturated liquid.

This process is constant pressure process.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Expansion device:

High pressure high temperature saturated liquid

refrigerant passes through expansion device and gets
throttled and converted in to low pressure low
temperature refrigerant (Wet vapour).

Pressure reduces from condenser pressure to evaporator

pressure.

This process is isenthalpic process.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Evaporator:

Low pressure low temperature refrigerant enters in to

evaporator where it absorbs heat from refrigerator
cabinet and converted in to low pressure low
temperature saturated or superheated vapour which
again enters in to compressor and cycle is repeated.

This process is constant pressure process.

Domestic refrigerator
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
 Air conditioning system
Air conditioning includes following processes:

Cooling or heating of air (temperature control)

Humidity control

Circulation of air

Purification of air

Distribution of air
 Components of Air conditioning system
Fans: For circulation of air
Filters: For cleaning air
Heating elements: Heating of air (Electric heater or other
heater)
Control system (Thermostat): It regulates automatically
the amount of cooling or heating
Grille: It adjust the direction of conditioned air to the
room
Tray: It collects condensed water
Refrigerating plant: Provide cooling. It includes
compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator
Window air conditioning
Window air conditioning
 Split air conditioning
Window air conditioning unit is splited in two units:
First Part: Includes evaporator, expansion device, filter,
evaporator fan and grille. They placed inside room.
(Indoor Unit)
Second Part: Includes condenser, fan and compressor.
This placed outside the room. (Outdoor unit)
Both parts are connected by small diameter tubes.
Suction line which connects evaporator and
compressor is fully insulated.
Split air conditioning
Split air conditioning
 Advantages of Split air conditioning
The compressor is outside of room, therefore no
compressor noise in the room.

No window opening and fixing needed.

Disadvantages:
Power consumption is high.

Suction line needs better insulation.

Costly compared to window air conditioning.