Sediment and erosion in channels

BY
PRIYA SHEJULE (217CE4067 )
SIPHON PANDEY (217CE4300)
SAMEER SATAPATHY (217CE4069)
RAVI KUMAR URAIYA (217CE4070)

GUIDED BY-
PROF. K.K. KHATUA
INTRODUCTION

Sediment is defined as the fragmental earth materials eroded, transported and

deposited elsewhere by agents like air and water.
Sediment transport is a natural process so it cannot be eliminated completely
Important Terms-
Sediment yield: It is the total flow of sediment from watershade at a location in a river
at specified time.
Erosion: It is the process of detachment and transportation of sediment by the erosive
agents.
Sediment Delivery Ratio: It is the ratio of sediment delivered at a gauging site in a
river to the total erosion from the entire area upstream of it.
Stages in Erosion & Sedimentation

1. Detachment 2. Transport 3. Deposition

Sediment transport in open channels

Bed-load transport
Suspensed transport
Bed load: The coarse sediment materials moving close to the river bed by
rolling or sliding is called bed load.
Suspended load: Relatively finer sediment particles which mix and move with
river water in suspension and are found throughout channel water in the cross
section is called suspended load.
Wash load: Very fine electrochemically charged soil particles carried by river
water are called wash load and do not ordinarily settle at bottom of
container even after keeping it undisturbed for hours.
Sediment Transport

suspension

Sediment bed load

BED
 Bed-load transport

Ones the forces acting on particles are

Strong particles slide, roll and settle down
The river bed at a steady rate.
Suspended Transport

Particles entrained at the bed-load layer

Transported by convection, diffusion, and
turbulence
 Sediment measurement by sampler
recorder

A typical sampler used in India is as

shown in figure.

The sampler is taken to depth 0.6d or

at two depths 0.2d and 0.8d.

The sampler is analysed either by

gravimetric or hydrometric method.

Sediment Sampler
Sediment load

Sediment load is expressed in parts per million(PPM) which is given by-

Sediment Load= [(dry weight of sediment)/(Total weight of original sample)]*10^6

 When large number of such sample records are available at site, then curve between
sediment load in tons/day in abscissa ad daily discharge in m3/sec is plotted which is
known as sediment rating curve. This is usually carried out by using log-log paper.
Relation between stream floe Q (m3/s) and suspended load qs(tons/day) is of the type :
qs =k Q^n

Rating Curve
 Bed load estimation

Empirical relations for calculating bed load given by-

1. Schoklitsch Formula

2. Mayer Peter Formula

3. Haywood Formula

4. Mayer Peter and Muller Formula

Sedimentation.
Factors Affecting Erosion

1. Climatic (rainfall and runoff) Factors

2. Soil Factors

3. Topographic Factors

4. Vegetative Factors
 Impacts of Erosion and Sedimentation

1. Loss of soil productivity

2. Adverse effects on other water
resource facilities
3. Loss of reservoir storage capacity
4. Flood impacts
5. Recreational impacts
6. Deterioration of water quality
 CONCLUSIONS

Many processes and factors are involved in erosion and sedimentation

Erosion is a natural process, but it can be accelerated by human activities. KEEP BARE
SOIL TO AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM!

Impacts of erosion and sedimentation can be devastating to both the environment

and the economy.
REFERENCES

Textbook of Hydrology And Water Resources Engineering

Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission
CHANSON, H. 1999. The Hydraulics Of Open Channel Flow
Modeling of Flow and Sediment Transport in Open Channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 4-15.
THANK YOU !