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Concrete is the most widely used construction material. It is well known that conventional
concrete designed on the basis of compressive strength does not meet many functional
requirements such as impermeability, resistance to frost, thermal cracking adequately.
Conventional Portland cement concrete is found deficient in respect of:
Durability in severe environs (Shorter service life and require maintenance)
Time of construction (longer release time of forms and slower gain of strength)
Energy absorption capacity (for earthquake-resistant structures)
Repair and retrofitting jobs
High performance concrete (HPC) successfully meets the above requirement.
High Performance Concrete
The composition of HPC usually consists of cement, water, fine sand, super-plasticizer, fly
ash and silica fume. Sometimes, quartz flour and fibre are the components as well for
HPC having ultra strength and ultra ductility, respectively. The key elements of high
performance concrete can be
summarized as follows:
Low water-to-cement ratio,
Large quantity of silica fume (and/or other fine mineral powders),
Small aggregates and fine sand,
High dosage of super-plasticizers,
Heat treatment and application of pressure which are necessary for ultra high strength
concrete after mixing (at curing stage).
Composition of High Performance Concrete
Key Features of High Performance Concrete
In general, better durability performance has been achieved by using high-strength, low
w/c ratio concrete. Though in this approach the design is based on strength and the result
is better durability, it is desirable that the high performance, namely, the durability, is
addressed directly by optimizing critical parameters such as the practical size of the required
materials.
Two approaches to achieve durability through different techniques are as follows.
(1) Reducing the capillary pore system such that no fluid movement can occur is the first
approach. This is very difficult to realize and all concrete will have some interconnected
pores.
(2) Creating chemically active binding sites which prevent transport of aggressive ions
such as chlorides is the second more effective method.
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Lightweight concrete is a special concrete which weight lighter than
conventional concrete.
Density of this concrete is considerably low 300kg/m3 to
1850kg/m3) when compared to normal concrete.
It may also be defined as:
concrete which uses lightweight aggregates
May consist of lightweight aggregates are used in ordinary
concrete of coarse aggregate and sand, clay, foamed slag, clinker,
crushed stone, aggregates of organic and inorganic.
PRINCIPLE BEHIND LWC
Natural light weight aggregates are less preferred over artificial aggregates.
Important natural aggregates Pumice & Scoria
Artificial aggregates are usually produced by expanding the rocks such as Shale,
Slate, Perlite, Vermiculite, etc.,
Type of aggregates decides the density of concrete.
Density of concrete as low as 300 kg/m3 can be achieved.
Compressive strength varies from 0.3Mpa to 40Mpa.
Expanded Perlite
Exfoliated Vermiculite
Vermiculite
STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Powdered zinc, aluminum alloy or hydrogen peroxide can also be used as gas
producing agents.
Foamed concrete is produced by adding foaming agent, usually hydrolyzed
protein or resin soaps, during mixing
In some cases, stable preformed foam is also added during mixing.
Concrete of densities 300kg/m3 to 1100kg/m3 can be obtained.
Compressive strength varies from 12Mpa to 14Mpa for a concrete of density
500kg/m3.
Generally autoclaved aerated concrete is used.
Aerated concrete has higher thermal movement, higher shrinkage and higher
moisture movement compared to light weight aggregate concrete of same
strength.
Surface texture of AAC
Autoclaved Aerated
concrete blocks
NO-FINES CONCRETE
It is a type of light weight concrete produced by omitting the fine aggregates from conventional concrete.
Due to absence of fine aggregates, concrete will have large voids, resulting in light weight.
Even though there is reduction in strength, there is no capillary movement of water, resulting in low permeability and
consequently more durable.
Density of concrete will be less if coarse aggregates are of single size ranging from 10mm to 20mm rather than well
graded aggregates.
No fines concrete with lighter coarse aggregates, we can get density as low as 640 kg/m3.
In this concrete, strength criteria depends on cement content in the concrete than water cement ratio.
Drying shrinkage is comparatively less. But shrinkage takes place rapidly than conventional concrete.
Studies to develop SCC have been carried out by Ozawa and Melawi
at the university of Tokyo.
Water 150-210
49
Placement of SCC in a reinforced slab foundation of
skyscraper. ( commercial center in New York)
50
Congested reinforced column
(master builders Inc. USA) 51
SCC Poured in Heavily Reinforced Wall
52
SCC Pumped into Column
53
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Whats wrong with cement concrete?
2
Howto reduce the use of cement
Alkaline activator
Fly ash NaOH + Na Silicate
Aggregate
Geopolymerisation
Storage
MANUFACTURE OF
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
The aggregates are prepared in saturated-surface-dry (SSD)
condition, and are kept in plastic buckets with lid
+
Conclusion
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt
environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive
strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
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