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Design
Lecture 5
Precast concrete
components require external
connecting devices.
These usually require
additional bolting or welding.
Connection could
be the weak link, if
not designed
properly
Strong Strong
column beam
element element
General
Connections form the important
part of precast concrete
construction. The connection types
employed will not only affects the
construction cost but also the
erection speed.
Strength
Load
Deformation
Constructability
The following items sould be kept in mind
when designing connections:
Standardised product
Use repetitious details
Avoid reinforcement and hardware
congestion
Provide accessibility
Beam-to-Column
Connection Design
Types of Connections in
Precast Concrete Frames
Rigid Pinned
Connections Connections
Rigid/Continuous Simple
Construction Construction
fc
fc
f
f = fb fc f = fb
f = fb fc
M fb M fb M
Rigid
Semi-rigid
Response of
Connections
Pin
Rotation, f
M-f curve
Mmax (rigid) Rigid joint
Semi-rigid
joint
Mmax (semi-rigid
joint)
f
f full
less simple
than
Mmax (pin joint) beam
simplerotation
beam
No rotation
rotation
Inflection
Inflection
point point
STIFFNESS
Connection Moment, M
STRENGTH
Pin
Rotation, f
Beam-to-column head connection test at CERIB, Epernon, France
Types of Connections
Transfer mainly
shear forces.
The connections
lead to simple
construction system
Pinned connection
Hidden corbel using mechanical connection system:
1
1
Fixing tolerances
Column insert,
UC section
Stiffened cleat, cut
from structural tee
Pinned connection
Haunched column
Effect of pinned connections to the analysis
Pinned connections
Beam-to-column connections are not capable to
transfer moments from beams to columns.
Simply supported beams.
Typical example of
EI
rigid connections in
EI RC structure.
EIconnection= EIbeam
Deformed shape
Undeformed shape
Monolithic rigid
connection in
reinforced concrete
frames
Tension force, T
Couple
External force, M
moment,
Mi
Compression force, C
External moment,
Mi is resisted by
force couple, M
Rigid connection
Rigid connection
Column
Beam
Column
Beam
UiTM, near to Melaka, 2012
Effect of rigid connections to the analysis
Rigid connections
Beam-to-column connections are capable to
resist moments.
174.8
140.7
140.7 174.8
201.2
114.87 135.9
224.3
306.9
109.44 170.96
194.7
166.01 210.65
57.3 158
223.3
368.7
299.7
10.2 117.1
BENDING MOMENT (kNm)
Load case 2:
1.2Gk + 1.2Qk + 1.2W k
Simple connections at inflection points.
Inflection point
174.8
140.7
140.7 174.8
201.2
114.87 135.9
224.3
194.7
166.01 210.65
57.3 158
223.3
368.7
299.7
10.2 117.1
BENDING MOMENT (kNm)
Load case 2:
1.2Gk + 1.2Qk + 1.2W k
140.7 174.8
201.2
114.87 135.9
224.3
306.9
109.44 170.96
194.7
166.01 210.65
57.3 158
223.3
368.7
299.7
10.2 117.1
BENDING MOMENT (kNm)
Load case 2:
1.2Gk + 1.2Qk + 1.2W k
A corbel is a short
cantilever component
which supports a load
bearing component. The
beams are supported by Corbel
corbels, so that the shear
forces are transmitted
directly to the corbel.
V
Design of Concrete e
Bracket or Corbel T
3 M=
1 V.e
q
assumed to develop as =200
follows:
tension in corbel.
T
To avoid this failure, provide 3 M=
shear friction reinforcement, 1 V.e
2
Ash.
q
=200
reinforcement is achieved.
A B QH
Ft
z hc
d
2(d-z) d
C (d-z)
2(d-z)cos
The design and detailing of a corbel has the following
requirements:
1. The bearing stress of the load on the corbel directly under the load should
not exceed 0.48 (1- fck/250)fck
2. A horizontal force HEd= 0.2FEd must also be resisted. This force acts as
the level of the top of the bearing, a distance aH above the horizontal tie.
3. The main tension steel, As,main must be fully anchored into the column
and the other end of these bars must be welded to an anchorage device or
loops of reinforcing bars.
4. The angle of inclination, of the compression strut must be within the
limits 22 45, or 2.5cot 1.0
5. The design stress, fcd of the concrete strut must not exceed (ccfck/c) v1
where:
v1 = 0.6 (1 fck/250)
cc= 0.85
c= 1.5, the partial factor of safety for concrete in
compression
6. Horizontal links of total area, As,link should be provided to confine the
concrete in the compression strut and As,link = 0.5 As,main
The strut and Tie system of design
(a) Force in the concrete strut , Fcd
The force Fcd in the concrete is
Fcd= fcd wstrut bw cos
where bw is the width of the corbel
75mm
550mm
Check the bearing stress
Safe bearing stress= 0.48 ( 1- fck/250)fck
= 0.48 (1-30/250) 30
= 12.7 N/mm2
Actual bearing Stress= 400 103/(350 120)
= 9.6 N/mm2
Concrete strut
The effective depth of the corbel is d = 550mm
Distance, d = (200 +0.2 75) = 215mm
Therefore d/d = 215/550= 0.40
Fcd = 0.34 fck(1 fck/250)
= 0.34 30 (1-30 /250)
= 8.98 N/mm2
Hence, from table 7.2, = 35.5
Main tension steel
The force in the main tension steel is
Ftd= Fed(cot +0.2) = 400(cot 35.5 + 0.2)
= 400(1.40 + 0.2)= 640kN
As, main= Ftd/ 0.87 fyk = 640 103/ 0.87 500
= 1471 mm2
Provide two H32 bars, area =1610mm2
Horizontal links
As,links >0.5As,main= 735mm2
Provide four H16 links, As,links = 804 mm2
Detailing of the Reinforcement in
Corbel
Source: Dr Kim Elliot
Column-to-Base
Connection Design
Rigid Connections between column-to-
base can be of three types:
1). Pocket foundation
2). Base plate connection
3). Grouted sleeve.
Use adjusting nut for base plate levelling
Bolt holes are drilled
Under the base plate, use grout.
STEEL BASE PLATE - extended
100 mm
overhang
Grouted sleeve
N
Pocket
M
Foundation
a
Concrete infill or
grout mHB
HD
0.1h
HB
mHA
0.9h
HA
A
0.1h
R
(a/6)
CASTELATED COLUMN IN POCKET
then D = h
h
40 mm root depth
Dr Kim Elliot
If M/N < 0.15 h, then D > 1.2 h
COLUMN IN POCKET
If M/N > 2.00 h, then D > 2.0 h
C40 infill
Dr Kim Elliot
Thank You