Why Computer Network ???

Stand alone Computer .

FOR WHAT ???

An example of a network

Router
Hub
Bridge Segment Node

Hub

Internet
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
Computer network
connects two or more
autonomous computers.

The computers can be

geographically located
anywhere.
Something interesting from Computer
Network ???
Easiness
No distance
Mobility
Efficient
Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks

Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications
E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio
 Computer Networks
A computer network is a system for communicating
between two or more computers and associated devices. It
is an interconnection of computers for the purposes of
sharing information and resources.

A popular example of a computer network is the internet,

which allows millions of users to share information

Computer networks can be classified according to their

size:
Personal area network (PAN)
Local area network (LAN)
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Wide area network (WAN)
 Personal Area Network

A PAN is a network that is

used for communicating
among computers and
computer devices
(including telephones) in
close proximity of around
a few meters within a
room
It can be used for
communicating between
the devices themselves, or
for connecting to a larger
network such as the
internet
PANs can be wired or wireless

PANs can be wired with a computer bus such as a universal serial

bus: USB (a serial bus standard for connecting devices to a
computer, where many devices can be connected concurrently)

PANs can also be wireless through the use of bluetooth (a radio

standard designed for low power consumption for interconnecting
computers and devices such as telephones, printers or keyboards
to the computer) or IrDA (infrared data association) technologies
 Local Area Network
A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or home

LANs enable the sharing of resources such as files or

hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users

Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,

and no more than a mile

Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps

Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to
each device
Has lower cost compared to MANs or WANs
basics

LANs can be either wired or wireless.

Twisted pair, coax or fiber optic cable can be
used in wired LANs
Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a
certain topology. These topologies include:
Bus
Ring
Star
Branching tree
Network Topologies

Bus Topology
Each node is connected one after the other (like christmas
lights)
Nodes communicate with each other along the same path
called the backbone
Lets see an animation of the token ring
Network Administrator,
Advantages Disadvantages
Good salary ERROR, then people
Control other peoples want to kill YOU !!!
Faster than others
Relax
Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN & WAN

Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building
or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area

Network)

Network spread geographically (Country or across

Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology
defines the way in
which computers,
printers, and other
devices are connected.
A network topology
describes the layout of
the wire and devices as
well as the paths used
by data transmissions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology

Commonly referred to
as a linear bus, all the
devices on a bus
topology are connected
by one single cable.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology

The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
When installed, the star
topology resembles spokes in
a bicycle wheel.
Larger networks use the
extended star topology also
called tree topology. When
used with network devices that
filter frames or packets, like
bridges, switches, and routers,
this topology significantly
reduces the traffic on the wires
by sending packets only to the
wires of the destination host.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds the
data as well as the destination
address to the frame.
The frame then continues around
the ring until it finds the
destination node, which takes the
data out of the frame.
Single ring All the devices on the
network share a single cable
Dual ring The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices
(nodes) to each other
for redundancy and
fault tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and
for mission critical
networks like those
used by banks and
financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive
and difficult.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components

Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media

Networking media can

be defined simply as
the means by which
signals (data) are sent
from one computer to
another (either by cable
or wireless means).
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
HUB, Switches, Routers,
Wireless Access Points,
Modems etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers

In a client/server
network arrangement,
network services are
located in a dedicated
computer whose only
function is to respond
to the requests of
clients.

The server contains the

file, print, application,
security, and other
services in a central
computer that is
continuously available
to respond to client
requests.
 Network Architecture

Most of the networks are organized as a series of layers or levels.

The number of layers,
the name of each layer,
the contents of each layer and the function of each layer vary from network to ne

A five-layer network is illustrated in following figure.

Host 1 Host 2
Layer 5 protocol

Layer 5 Layer 5

Layer 4 protocol Layer 4/5

interface
Layer 4 Layer 4

Layer 3 protocol Layer 3/4

interface
Layer 3 Layer 3

Layer 2 protocol Layer 2/3

interface
Layer 2 Layer 2

Layer 1 protocol Layer 1/2

interface
Layer 1 Layer 1

Physical Medium
The OSI Reference Model

What a mess! Much better!

Note: May not be the

most efficient!
 Open System Interconnection (OSI)
A model defines the stages or
tasks of a protocol as it
prepares to send data
Open meaning standards
available to all.
The model is devided into
seven distinct layers
Each subsequent layer should
perform a well-defined function
and the layer boundaries are
designed to minimize the
information flow across the
interfaces
OSI Model Layers
Application Layer
Provides a user interface (examples: HTTP, SMTP)
Includes file, print, database, app. Services
Presentation Layer
Presents the data (example: JPEG)
Includes encryption, compression and translation
services
Session Layer
Keeps different applications data separate
OSI Model Layers

Transport Layer
Provides reliable delivery
Performs error detection
Includes end to end connection
Network Layer
Provides logical addressing
Routing layer
OSI Model Layers
Data Link Layer
Combines packets into bytes then into frames
Performs error detection (not correction)
Provides Media access addressing (point-to-
point)
Media Access Control and Data Link Control
Physical Layer
Moves bits between devices
Keys Layers of the OSI Model
OSI Model and Protocols
 Models of the Internet

OSI/ISO Reference Model TCP/IP Reference Model

Application Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Model Layers Transport
Network Internet
Data Link Host-to-network
Physical
Open Systems Interconnection Transmission Control
(International Standards Office) Protocol/
Internet Protocol
1) Physical layer

Purpose: Necessary infrastructure.

Think "wires in the ground and switches
connecting them".
This is the physical hardware of the internet.
Wires/optical cables/wireless links and other
technologies provide a way for transmission of
raw bits (0s and 1s).
Routers and switches connect these cables and
direct the traffic.
2) Data link layer

Purpose: Provides basic connection between

two logically connected machines.
Think: I stuff packets down a wire to my
neighbour
Send raw packets between hosts.
Basic error checking for lost data.
In TCP/IP the "Physical layer" and the "Data
Link" layer are grouped together and called the
host-to-network layer.
3) Network Layer/Internet Layer

Purpose: Provide end-to-end communication

between any two machines.

Think: I try to get a packet to its destination

Tells data which link to travel down.

Addresses the problem known as routing.

Deals with the question "where do I go next to
get to my destination?

Ensures packets get from source A to

destination B.
4) Transport Layer

Purpose: Ensure that data gets between A and B.

Think: From the source and destination, I make

sure that the data gets there.

Ensures a data gets between source and

destination.
5) Session Layer (not TCP/IP)

Purpose: Provides a single connection for

one application.
Think: I am in charge of the entire
message.
This connection may be two way or may
be synchronised.
Not discussed much as it is never
implemented.
If necessary ensure that connection is lossless
(resend missing data).

Provides flow control if necessary (send data

faster or slower depending on the network
conditions).
6) Presentation Layer (Not TCP/IP)
Purpose: Provides commonly used
functions for applications.
Think: I meet internationalisation
standards.
The main job of the presentation layer is to
ensure that character sets match e.g.
that Chinese characters are correctly
received by the sends.
Again not discussed much as it is never
implemented.
Application layer

Purpose: The computer programs which actually

do things with the network.

Think: I deliver the mail, browse the web etc.

For example, your email client program which will

talk to the email server at the other end.

.
At this layer, we have many protocols (http,
snmp, smtp, ftp, telnet) which different bits of
software use.

We often talk in terms of client and server

architecture for the software
 TCP/IP Transport Layer
-After TCP/IP was invented and
deployed, the OSI layered network
model was accepted as a standard.
OSI neatly divides network protocols
into seven layers; the bottom four
layers are shown in this diagram. The
idea was that TCP/IP was an
interesting experiment, but that it
would be replaced by protocols based
on the OSI model
TCP/IP Applications
- Application layer
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Remote Login (Telnet)
- E-mail (SMTP)
- Transport layer
- Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Network layer
- Internet Protocol (IP)
- Data link & physical layer
- LAN Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc.
- WAN Serial lines, Frame Relay, X.25, etc
TCP is the most important of all the IP
protocols. Most Internet applications you
can think of use TCP, including: Telnet,
HTTP (Web), POP & SMTP (email) and
FTP (file transfer).
 What is TCP

Transport layer protocol for data communication.

Properties:
Reliable data transfer
Virtual circuit connection
Full duplex connection
Unstructured stream
Buffered transfer
Multiplexing
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

Lets see an animation of the token ring
Network Devices
Wire Wireless
Router, Switch, Hub, Modem,
Network Security
Firewall
Operating Systems
Certificate