DIRREC

Disaster Risk Reduction Center

Design of Deep
Pile Foundations
Widodo, Prof, Ir, MSCE, PhD
Department of Civil Engineering and Disaster Management
Earthquake Engineering Management Master Program
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta
Shear Reinforcement According to SNI 2000
According SNI 2000, the cross section area of the shear reinforcement
(stirrup) Ash should not less the following equation

f 'c Ag

Ash 0,3. s.hc . 1 9.10)
f yh Ach

or
f 'c
Ash
0,09. s. hc . 9.11)
f yh

hc =71

ht = 80 b = 72 Ag = ht.ht
5d25
Ach = a.b

a = 72
 As . f y .h
s
Vs
This method differs from the previous one. According to SK SNI 1991, the
column shear reinforcement is determined based on the flexural moments
acting on the column. Mean while, SNI 2000, the shear reinforcement is
designed according to volumetric ratio of the shear reinforcement.

Numerical Example : Mu,b = 120 tm, Pu = 780 t (Mn = 150 tm, Pn = 1200 t)

hc =71
Beam 35/75 cm,
Mu,ka=80 tm therefore hk = 3,25m
4,00m
16D25 Pu = 780 t
ht = 80 b = 72
= 1,33 %
Mu,kb=120 tm, Mn,kb = 150 tm

80 0.7.(1,25).150
a = 72 Vuk 65 t
3,25
Ag = ht.ht
Vuk 65
100 t
Ach = a.b 0,65
Shear reinforcement P13 is used with fyh = 390 Mpa = 3978 kg/cm2. For 1-
section, Av = 1,326 cm2. Supposing 3-legs are used then Av = 3,9799 cm2.

Av . f y .h 3,9799.(3978).73,5
s 11,67 cm2
Vs 100000

Shear reinforcement 3-leg, D13 with s = 10 cm will be used.

By using SNI 2000 method

Ash h . f Ag 710 .(255) 6400

0,3 c c 1 0,30 1
s f y Ach 3978 5184
3,202 mm.

Ash 0,09.hc . fc 0,09.710 .(255)

s fy 3978
4,09 mm

Maximum spacing of column shear reinforcement (SNI Pasal 23.4.4.2)

 1. column cross section = 80/4 = 20 cm
2. Six of longitudinal reinforcement = 6*2,2cm = 13,2 cm
3. Is not necessary greater than 10 cm
If spacing of the stirrup s = 10 cm is used then according to SNI 2000

Ash 4,09 mm.100mm 409 mm2 4,09 cm 2

Shear reinforcement 4-leg D13 with s = 10 cm will be used (4-leg, Asp =

5,306 > Ash = 4,09 cm2)
If spacing of the stirrup s = 7,5 cm, D13 is used then according to SNI 2000
Ash 4,09 mm.75 mm 307,2 mm 2 3,072 cm2

Shear reinforcement 3-leg D13 with s = 7,5 cm will be used Asp = 3,979
cm2 > Ash = 3,072 cm2), Therefore :
According to SNI 1991 : 3 leg, D13, s = 10 cm is required
According to SNI 2002 : 4 leg, D13, s = 10 cm is required
According to SNI 2002 : 3 leg, D13, s = 7,5 cm is required
1. Introduction
Foundation is a part of the structure who transmits the structural gravity and
temporary load to the supported soil. There are two important requirements
of the foundation i.e the strength of the structural foundation and geometry of
the foundation such that it able to transmit the all loads to the supporting soil
safely. The strength of the foundation is merely structural aspect where a
routine design process has been clearly provided/discussed. On the other
hand, the geometry of the foundation is affected by the strength and proper-
ties of the soil at the foundation level (for shallow foundation) or the soil
supporting system (for the deep foundation). The former is more emphasized
in the structural engineering problem while the latter is more discussed in the
geotechnical engineering problem.
With respect to the above fact, it is essential between structural and geo-
technical engineers to work in a team in solving the problems. This joint
cooperation is more required especially in the deep and complex foundation
problem
2. Types of Foundation
Types of used foundation is commonly determined by the combination
between :
a. The allowable bearing capacity of the soil,
b. The depth of the allowable bearing capacity
c. The loads applied on the foundation
However, in general, the types of foundation can be categorized accor-
ding to the following items.
2.1 Shallow Foundation
The shallow foundation is used when the soil base is relatively stiff/dense
in which due to the applied load the depth of the foundation level D is ap-
proximately not more the size of the foundation B or D/B 1. In the sha-
llow foundation, the applied loads is directly supported by the allowable
bearing capacity of soil layer.
2.2 Deep Foundation
The deep foundation is used in the following conditions (Das, 1990) :
1. When the nearly surface soil layers is highly compressible and
accordingly causes very large foundation settlement,
2. When the allowable soil bearing capacity is to weak to support the
applied loads,
3. When the uplifting forces of foundation is required such us in the
tower foundation
4. When the erosion of the soil due to the water flows is possible which
causes the instability of the direct foundation.
Pile foundation is the most common types of the deep foundation. According
to the installation methods, there are two types of deep foundation i.e :
1. Driven pile foundation
2. Bored pile foundation
According to the material used, there are three types of deep foundation i.e :
1. Steel pile foundation
2. Concrete pile foundation
3. Timber pile foundation

According to the load transfer method, there are three types of deep
foundation i.e :
1. Point Bearing Pile
2. Friction/Adhesion
3. Combinations between of them
Types of shallow foundation
3. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil
3.a. Individual Shallow Foundation
Ultimate bearing capacity of soil at any layer can be computed by :
1. According to Laboratory Test data
It is common to determine the soil bearing capacity through the data
from laboratory test. The soil properties data such as angle of internal
friction (), void ratio (e), soil cohesion (c), index plasticity of soil (PI)
as well as unit weight of soil (). The modified Terzaghis formula is
usually used in determining the ultimate soil bearing capacity qu,

qu 1,3.c.N c q..N q 0,4. .B.N 11.1)

In which Nc, Nq and N respectively are bearing capacity factor q is the

weight of the soil mass above foundation base level, is unit weight of
soil and B is the dimension of the foundation.
 The soil bearing capacity factor Nc, Nq and N can be determined
according to closed form formula or by using available Chart.
1000 The bearing capacity factor Nc, N
Nq
Nc and Nq according to Terzaghi has
been modified by Vesic (1973),
Ngm
Bearing Capacity Factor, Nq, Nc, Ngm

100

N q tan 2 45 .e . tan 11.2a)
2

10
N c ( N q 1). cot 11.2b)

1 N gm 2 .N q 1. tan 11.2c)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Angle of internal friction
2. According to Field Test
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) or Cone Penetration Test (CPT) are
commonly used in the field test. When SPT is used (for sandy soil), then
the ultimate bearing capacity of soil can be determined qu an empirical
formula,
qu k.N 11.3)

Where k is a coefficient and N in the number of blows count required to

embedded 1 feet of the SPT apparatus.
However, when CPT is used (in clays soil), the ultimate soul bearing
capacity can be estimated by
11.4)
qu qc
 where qc is the cone and sleeve resistance

3.b Safety Factor (SF)

Ultimate bearing capacity of soil is the ultimate bearing that causes failure
of the soil. In the normal service loading, the stress of the soil layer
should be smaller than the ultimate bearing capacity. The concept of
safety factor SF then is utilized. The allowable bearing capacity of soil qall
accordingly can be computed by,
qu
qall 11.5)
SF

In engineering practice, if the weight of the soil above the layer under con-
sideration is considered then the net allowable bearing capacity will be,
qu q
qall 11.6)
SF
 Das (1990) said that the value of Safety Factor varies depending upon
the level of safety considered. For example , for minimum Factor of
Safety FS 1,4 1,60.
Winterkorn and Fang (1975) stated that Factor of Safety will be affected
by types of structures and the completeness of the soil exploration. For
the building structure if the soil exploration was thoroughly complete the
FS 2,0 can be taken. However for limited soil exploration, the FS 3,0
is suggested.

3.c. Single Pile Foundation

Such as described before, pile foundation is used when the near surface
soil is relatively compressible and weak. The bearing capacity of soil is
commonly increase with depth, even though the distribution of bearing
capacity may irregular.
 Qu It is considered a single pile foundation such as
shown in the figure. In general the bearing capacity
of the pile can be computed by the combination
, cu,
between skin resistance Qs and point bearing Qp.
Therefore,

L Qs Qu Q p Qs 11.7)

D
a. Point Bearing Qp
Qp Das (1990) said that the point bearing capacity Qp
in EQ.11.5) can be determined by using the prin-
ciple of shallow foundation. After considering the
effect of shape and depth factor and replacing B by
D then the ultimate bearing stress at bearing point
will be,

q p qu c.N c q.N q .D.N 11.8)

Since the diameter of pile is commonly relatively small as compared to the

size of shallow foundation, the 3rd term in right part of Eq. 11.8) can be
neglected (Das, 1990), the Eq.11.8 leads to,

q p qu c.N c q.N q 11.9)

The value of Nc* and Nq* depends on the value of angle internal friction
and the slenderness of the pile. Das(1990) presented graph of the Nc* and
Nq* as function of . The approximate value of Nc* and Nq*

Angle of internal friction o

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Nc * 9 10.5 14 20.6 30 55 100
Nq * 0 1.9 3.2 6.4 12 26 55
When the soil is purely clay then = 0, Nc* = 9 and Nq* = 0 and Eq. 11.9
becomes,
q p qu 9.cu 11.10)

The point bearing capacity of single pile Qp having cross section area of
Ap will be,
Q p 9.cu . Ap 11.11)

b. Skin Resistance Qs
Skin resistance can be generated either by friction between pile surface and
surrounding sand soils or cohesion between pile surface and surrounding
clay soils. There are several methods can be used in determining the skin
friction i.e 1) the method ; 2) the method and 3) the method.
Variation of Nq* and Nc* with
 Qu It considered a piece of pile section with length of
L such as shown in the figure. If the pile diame-
ter is D, then the surface area under section
, cu,
considered dA will be,
L
dA ( .D).L p.L 11.12)
L
Qs
If the pile length consists of n finite of section, the
D total skin resistance Qs will be,
n
Qp Qs p.L . f
i 1
i 11.13)

In which f is the unit skin resistance of the pile. Several methods can be used
in determining the unit skin resistance such as mentioned before (the ,
and method)
b.1. Unit Skin Friction by Method (clay soil)
Das (1990) stated that the original con-
1
cept of unit skin resistance f in the
method can be simplified into the form
0.75
of,
f .cu
Coefficient alfa

11.14)
0.5

Where is an coefficient depends on

0.25
the undrained cohesion cu such as
shown in the figure.
Noted that for normally consolidated clay
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Undrained cohesion, cu (kN/m 2) with cu < 50 kN/m2 ( 0,5 kg/cm2) the
value of is equal to one.
The total skin friction of soil-pile foundation (single pile) by the method
can be computed by substituting Eq. 11.14) to Eq.11.13.
b.2 Unit Skin Friction by Method (clay soil)
Das (1990) stated that in the method, the unit skin resistance of pile in
the saturated clay soil can be expressed in the form,

f . v ' 11.15)

Where is an coefficient and v is the effective stress at soil layer

In which,
K. tan R 11.16)

where K is the coefficient horizontal earth pressure at rest and R is drain

friction angle of remolded clay.
It is common to take the value of K as,

K (1 sin R ) 11.17)
 Substituting Eq.11.17) and Eq.11.16) into Eq.11.15) then the unit skin
resistance of soil-pile foundation becomes,

f (1 sin R ) tan R . v ' 11.18)

The total skin friction of soil-pile foundation (single pile) can be computed
by substituting Eq. 11.17) to Eq.11.13.

b.3 Unit Skin Friction by Method (clay soil)

According to Das (1990), this method was developed by Vijayvergiya &
Focht (1972). This method assumes that the displacement of soil caused
by pile dring results in passive lateral pressure at any depth of pile. The
proposed average unit skin resistance of pile can be computed as,

f ( v ' 2.cu ) 11.19)

Where v is mean effective vertical stress for entire embedment length of
soil, cu is mean undrained shear strength and is coefficient depends on
the pile embedment length
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-5

-10
Pile embedment length (m)

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
Coefficient Lamdha
b.4 Unit Skin Friction (sand soil)
If the pile foundation is driven in the clay soil, the skin resistance is gene-
rated by the interaction between soil cohesion and the surface area
along the pile. On the other hand, if the pile is driven in the sand soil, the
skin resistance is generated by the friction between sand and surface
area along the pile.
Again Das (1990) presented the unit skin friction resistance f of pile in the
simple form such as,

f K . tan . v' 11.20)

where K is the coefficient horizontal earth pressure at rest and is the

soil-pile friction angle.
4. Pile Groups
It is common in the foundation engineering that the pile foundation is
used when the applied loads on the foundation are relatively high. On
the other hand, the bearing capacity of pile is usually relatively small
because of limited pile length and size . It is custom therefore to use
group of pile rather than only a single pile.
When a group of pile is con-
s s
sidered, an interaction bet-
ween pile cant be avoided
especially for relatively close
pile distance.
s s
The surrounding soil-pile in-
teractions is shown in the fi-
gure. The soil pressure ei-
Interaction
ther developed by friction or
between piles point bearing will overlap.
Overlapping of the soil pressure will cause shear failure of the soil and
generating excessive pile settlement. Failure of the interacted soil will
also cause degradation of the pile bearing capacity. The closer the pile,
the higher soil shear failure will be likely, and the smaller pile bearing
capacity will be resulted.
It is clear that the distance between pile plays important role in the bearing
capacity of the pile group. However, far distance between piles will also no
good, because large size of pile cap will accordingly be required. Bowles
(1995) said that the distance between piles s should not less that 2D,
where D is the pile diameter. It is common to used s 3D.
4.a Efficiency of Pile Group
Since the interaction between soil pressure among pile group cant be
avoided, consequently the pile cant fully develops their bearing capacity
such as an individual pile. A concept of pile group efficiency then is
introduced.
Pile group efficiency is commonly defined as the ratio between effective/
net pile group bearing capacity relatives to the gross pile group bearing
capacity.
s
n. According to Bowles (1996), the pile group effi-
.
. ciency Eg can be determined by
2 D
1 2 m n 2.s 4.D
1 2 3 m Eg 11.21)
mn. .D

If 100 % of efficiency is desired, then the minimum distance between piles

will be,
1,57.D.m.n 2 D
s 11.22)
mn 2
 Group Efficiency
15
2.
Eg
16 15
0,938
2 piles 2 16

14
3 piles 3.
E g 0,875
16
3

13
4.
E g 0,815
4 piles 16
4

13 11
4. 2.
6 piles Eg
16 16 0,77
6

13 11 8
4. 4. 1.
Eg 16 16 0,722
9 piles 16
9

13 11 8
4. 6. 2.
12 piles Eg
16 16 16 0,7
12
Efficiency of pile group foundation can also be computed by well known
formula proposed by Converse-Labarre equation such as,

D (n 1).m (m 1).n
1
E g 1 tan 11.23)

s 90.m.n

Numerical Example :
4.b Pile Group Axial Force

P The foundation of the building is subjected to

an axial load P and moment My that are gene-
My rated by dead load, live load and earthquake
loads.
According to the principle of statics, the axial
load of the pile can be computed by,

P M y .x M x .y
Vy 11.24)
y N n. xi 2
m. yi
2

x In which N is the total number of pile

m
xi
 Based on the structural analysis and designing
Numerical Example the column the following data is provided :

P PDL = 301,59 t , PLL = 70,08 t, PE = 34,5 t

MDL = 2,06 tm, MLL = 0,115 tm, ME = 104,2 tm
My
VE = 34,55 tm
According to design of column, the following
information is given,
Pnd = 658,219 t, Mnd = 143,514 tm

y In this foundation design, the pile foundation is

n used with the soil profile and the soil properties
such as shown in the following worksheet. The
x
0,4x0,4 m square concrete pile foundation is
m
used.
xi
PILE FOUNDATION on Cohessive Soil ( Alpha Method)
Pile Cross Sect Square 1. Vertical Bearing capacity
Square size (m) 0.4 Qu = Qp + Qs
Cross sect.area (m2) 0.16 2. Point Bearing capacity
Skin area/m' (m2) 1.6 Qp = Ap.Nc*.cu = (kN) 158.4 Layer cu = 40 kN/m2
Factor of Safety (FS) 3 1 gm = 18 kN/m3
3. Skin Resistance -3,5 m
Layer 1 (Upper water table) a. Layer 1 2
Saturated clay Skin Area (m2) 5.6 -5,0 m
Water depth (m) 3.5 Alfa 1 = 1 cu = 60 kN/m2
cu (kN/m2) 40 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 224 gm = 19 kN/m3
3
gm tnh(kN/m3) 18
-11,0 m
Layer 2 b. Layer 2 cu = 80 kN/m2
Clay Skin Area (m2) 2.4 4 gm = 19 kN/m3
Depth (m) 1.5 Alfa 2 = 0.92
cu (kN/m2) 40 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 88.32 -17,0 m
gm tnh(kN/m3) 18 cu = 1110 kN/m2
5
gm = 19 kN/m3 -19,0 m
Layer 3 c. Layer 3
Clay Skin Area (m2) 9.6
Depth (m) 6 Alfa 3 = 0.8 `
cu (kN/m2) 60 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 460.8
gm tnh(kN/m3) 19

Layer 4 d. Layer 4
Clay Skin Area (m2) 9.6
Depth (m) 6 Alfa 4 = 0.51
cu (kN/m2) 80 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 391.68
gm tnh(kN/m3) 19

Layer 5 e. Layer 5
Clay (stable layer), Sat.undrained Skin Area (m2) 3.2
Depth (m) 2 Alfa 5= 0.49
cu (kN/m2) 110 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 172.48
gm tnh(kN/m3) 19
Qst = (kN) 1337.28
Pile length (m) 19 Qu = Qp+Qs = (kN) 1495.68
Qall = Qu/FS = 498.56
According to the worksheet, the allowable bearing capacity of a single pile
Pall = 498,56 kN = 50,35 ton. Theoretically, the required number of pile is,
The first trial for pile configuration n x m = 3 x 4 = 12
P
piles is used, with pile distance s = 1,25 m. then the
55/75 My pile group efficiency Eg will be

0,40 (3 1).4 (4 1)3

E g 1 tan 1
1,25 90.3.4
1 17,745.(0,01574) 0,7206

and,
y
n x 2
2.
0,6252
1,8752
7,
8125 m 2

x
m Since Mx = 0, then according to Eq. 11.24)
1,25
5,25 m
 371,67 2,175.(1,875)
V y ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
30,9725 0,174 31,1465 ton

371,67 2,175.(1,875)
V y ,min
12 3.(7,8125)
30,9725 0,174 30,7985 ton

In group pile, the allowable bearing capacity for a pile will be,
Pall, g 50,35.(0,7206) 36,28 ton 31,407 ton

It is necessary to check the pile vertical/axial force in :

1. the ultimate load condition under gravity load (no earthquake)
2. the ultimate condition in the presence of earthquake attack
3. he formation of the columns base plastic hinge up to the strain hardening
 1. The ultimate pile vertical/axial force under gravity load
Pu= 474,036 t
According to the worksheet, the ultimate bearing ca-
pacity of single pile Pu,sp = 1495,68 kN = 151,064 t.
55/75 My,u Applying goup efficiency then Pu,gp = 151,064.(0,7206)
= 108,856 t.
Pu 1,2.(301,59) 1,6.(70,08) 474,036 ton

M u 1,2.(2,06) 1,6.(0,115) 2,656 tm

39,2905 39,7155
39,5738 474,036 2,656.(1,875)
V yu ,max
y 12 3.(7,8125)
n 39,503 0,2125 39,7155 ton 108,856 t

x 474,036 2,656.(1,875)
V yu ,min
m 12 3.(7,8125)
1,25
5,25 m 39,503 0,2125 39,2905 ton 0 t
 2. The ultimate pile vertical/axial force under EQ load
Pu= 426,478 t Pu 1,05.(301,59 70,08 34,5) 426,478 ton

My,u M u 1,05.(2,06 0,115 104,2) 111,6937 tm

55/75

426,478 111,693.(1,875)
V yu ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
35,539 8,9354 44,4744 ton 108,856 t
26,6036 44,4744
38,5745
426,478 111,693.(1,875)
y V yu ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
n 35,539 8,9354 26,6036 ton 0 t
x
m
1,25
5,25 m
 3. The ultimate pile vertical/axial force in formation of
Pu= 427,842 t
column over strength level

My,u Pu 0,65.(658,219) 427,842 ton

55/75

M o 1,4.(143,514) 200,9196 tm

427,842 200,9196.(1,875)
V yu ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
19,5795 51,7265 35,653 16,0735 51,7265 ton 108,856 t
41,0108
y
427,842 200,9196.(1,875)
n
V yu ,min
12 3.(7,8125)
x 35,653 16,0735 19,5795 ton 0 t
m
1,25 Piles are satisfy under any load combinations
5,25 m
 Pu= 426,478 t The ultimate moment of Pile Cap
The ultimate moment at the pile cap caused by
the pile axial force at the column face will be,
55/75 My,u
M u ,1 3.38,5745. 0,25 44,4744.1,50 229,0656 tm

M u , 2 3.41,0108. 0,25 51,7265.1,50 263,5273 tm

0,25 1,25
Those moment will be resisted by 3,75 m wide of pile
cap or the ultimate moment for every 1 m wide is,
26,6036 44,4744
38,5745
19,5795 41,0108 51,7265 263,5273
30,2951 Mu 70,2740 tm
3,75
y
M 70,2740
Mn u 87,8424 tm
n 0,8
3,75 m
x
m
1,25
5,25 m
However, finding after earthquake indicated that the damage of the base
of column was not merely in the above of pile cap but rather than in the
level of floor level.
 Design of pile cap reinforcement

Mn = 87,8424 tm , fc = 27,5 MPa, fy = 400 Mpa, concrete cover 7 cm

2,25 m The average thickness of pile cap is 65 cm,

55/75 0,5675 m d = 7 +0,5.(2,5) = 8,25cm, hp = 65 8,25 =
0,8 m 56,75 cm. fc = 280,5 kg/cm2
0,5m
M n 0,85. f c .a.b.(h a / 2)
87,8424.10 5 0,85.(280,5).100.a.(h 0,5.a)
n a 2 115,5.a 763,855 0 , a 7,185 cm
3,75 m
x C c Ts 0,85.(280,5).100.(7,185) 171303,96 kg
m Ts 171303,96
As 41,9862 cm 2
1,25 fy 4080
5,25 m
 100. Ad 100.(4,906)
s 11,68 cm
As 41,9862
Used D 25 100 mm

1. One-way action stress control

2,25 m
55/75 0,5675 m The shear force generated by pile axial force,
Vu
0,8 m Vu 3.(51,7265) 155,1795 ton
0,5m 155,1795
Vn 258,6325 ton
One way section
0,6

n The shear stress in one-way action,

3,75 m
x Vn 258 632,5
12,153 kg / cm 2
m 56,75.(375) 56,75.(375)
1,25
5,25 m
 max 2. fc 2. 27,5 10,488 MPa 106,98 kg / cm 2
12,153 kg / cm 2 106,98 kg / cm 2

The pile cap is safe under one-way action shear stress

2. Two-way actions stress control

s1 One way section s1 htc h p 75 56,75 131,75 cm
s 2 bc h p 55 56,75 111,75 cm
n

s2 3,75 m Vu 3.(19.5795 30,2951 41,0108 51,7265)

30,2952 41,0108 427,9257 71,306
m 356,6197 ton
1,25
5,25 m k 2.( s1 s 2 ) 2.(131,75 111,75)
487 cm
 Vn 356,6197.10 3
21, 0598 kg / cm 2
k .h p 0,6.(487).56,75

The maximum shear stress is the smallest between,

4 4
max 1 2 . fc 2 . 27,5 25,8706 Mpa 263,88 kg / cm
2

c 0,75 / 0,55
s . h p 30.0,5675
max 2 2. fc 2. 27,5 28,82 Mpa 293,97 kg / cm 2
k 4,87
max 3 4. f c 4. 27,5 20,976 Mpa 213,957 kg / cm 2

21,0598 kg / cm 2 213,957 kg / cm 2

The pile cap is safe under two-way actions shear stress

 Perbedaan SNI T15 1991 dan SNI 1726 2001
No. Elemen SNI 1991 SNI 2002
1 Load Factor U = 1,05(D+Lr+E) U = 1,2.D+Lr+E
2 Over-strength Factor o = 1,25, fy < 400 MPa o = 1,25
o = 1,40, fy 400 MPa
3. Dyn. Magn. Factor, Frame, = 1,3 Tidak ada
4. Mom Ult. Kolom, Muk M uk ,a
hka ' .. ..
.. 0,7. Muk hasil analisis struktur
dan gaya aksial hka .. ..
ultimit kolom ,Nuk nn
... ...
N u , k Rv .0,7. 1,05 DL r.LL
i 1 ... ...

Ag
5. Tul. geser kolom
f'
Ash 0,3. s.hc . c
Ach
1
f yh
f 'c
Ash 0,09 . s. hc .
f yh

6. Beam Column Joint Vcol =.., Tsa= .., Cci = Tulangan geser kolom diteruskan ke
Vjh =.., Vch= .., Vsh =s = .. Beam Column Joint (BCJ)
Berdasar gaya-2 dalam
 Kontrol Kestabilan Struktur
1. Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-1
Kestabilan geser-1adalah kestabilan
akibat kemungkinan patah geser di
penjepitan lateral
Fi
Gaya geser
tingkat
Ac,j
Vn,j j=k

V V ..
j=1 j=2 . j=k
2
Kemungkinan patah geser di
letak penjepitan lateral j=1
k

V
j 1
nc, j
Maka struktur aman terha
Apabila g, f 2 fc '
k
dap kestabilan geser-1
A c, j
j 1 Vn,j = gaya geser nominal kolom ke j
 2. Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-2a (Fondasi dangkal)
Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-2 adalah
kemungkinan bergesernya foot-plate

Fi Tegangan geser antara tanah dengan

foot-plate,
j=k
k
..
V j 1
nc, j

2 g, f
Af,j k

j=1 A f,j
V j 1

Pn,j
Kapasitas gesek antara foot-plate dengan
Sn,j tanah
k

S n, j g . Pn , j S
j 1
n, j

k .g k
g, f

g adalah koefisien gesek antara

A
j 1
f,j

tanah dengan beton, g 0,4 0,45

 3. Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-2b (Fondasi dalam)
Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-2 adalah
kemungkinan patahnya hubungan antara
pile dan pile-cap
Fi
Tegangan geser hubungan antara pile
j=k dan pile cap

..
2 k

V n, j
j=1 p,g
j 1
2 fc '
V k

n
m.n . A
j 1
p

Ap
..

1 m = jumlah kolom
1 .. m N = jumlah baris
Ap = luas potongan pile
 4. Kestabilan terhadap momen guling
i =n Kestabilan akibat kemungkinan momen guling
adalah kestabilan yang ditimbulkan oleh momen-2
akibat gaya horisontal gempa ekuivalen statik dan
momen-2 akibat gaya aksial kolom
Fi

i =2
k n

Pc,j
i =1
P
j 1
c, j .L j F .h
i 1
i i

A
j=k . j=2 j=1

Lj
Frame-walled systems