Dr. Deboyoti Mitra Mechanical Engg. Dept. Assistant Professor of ME 3rd year, 5th semester Kalyani Govt. Engg. College Roll No: 10200715050 Introduction Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics , with much theory shared between them. Aerodynamics plays an important role in the performance of an Airplane during flight as well as during take-off and landing. For this the wings of an airplane must be properly designed to have a smooth and steady flight. An Airplane having well designed wings according to the aerodynamic modification will have a very good performance at variable atmospheric conditions. Aerodynamic problems can be identified in a number of ways. The flow environment defines the first classification criterion . External aerodynamics is the study of flow around solid objects of various shapes. Evaluating the lift and drag on an airplane or the shock waves that form in front of the nose of a rocket are examples of external aerodynamics. Internal aerodynamics is the study of flow through passages in solid objects. STRUCTURE OF AN AEROPLANE WING A rounded leading edge cross-section. A sharp trailing edge cross-section. Leading-edge device slats. Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons) Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases spiral stability around the roll axis, whereas anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise or counterclockwise about its long axis DESIGN OF AN AEROPLANE WING How Does It Work? Natural draft cooling tower -Air movement is regulated without any help of mechanical fan or regulator and its depend on the height & the size of the tower.
Mechanical draft cooling tower
-Air is regulated by means of mechanical fans. Its further divided in NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER two types based on the positioning of the fans. a. Induced mechanical draft where the fan is located in the top side of the tower. b .Forced mechanical draft where the fan is bottom side of the tower.
Dry cooling towers Wet cooling towers Wet-dry hybrid cooling towers Evaporative condenser cooling tower Major components of cooling tower Frame and Casing Fill Cold water Basin Drift eliminators Air inlet Louvers Nozzles/Spray tree Fan HVAC TYPE COOLING TOWER SYSTEM INDUSTRIAL COOLING TOWER
FIELD ERECTED COOLING TOWER SYSTEM
PACKAGE TYPE COOLING TOWER Design of a Cooling Tower Some parameters are depend for designing a cooling tower. These are A. Measured parameters 1.Wet bulb temperature of air. 2.Dry bulb temperature of air. 3.Inlet water temperature. 4.Outlet water temperature. 5.Water mass flow rate. 6. Enthalpy change. B. Performance parameters 1.Range 2.Approch 3.Effectiveness 4.Cooling capacity 5.Performance coefficient C. Design parameters 1.Duty coefficient 2.Base area of Tower 3.Height of Tower 4.Diameter of tower Heat transfer optimization Heat transfer is proportional to the surface area of the over which it occurs. A splash fill is used to increase the surface area between the air and the flows. Strategies to improve cooling tower performance When designing a cooling tower, always use the highest wet- bulb temperature as reference. Monitor the range and approach carefully during the design. High range and low approach leads the good performance. Improve the quality of water to be cooled by the tower resulting in low utilization of make-up water. Regularly monitor the tower for scale build-up & biological impurities. Regularly monitor the flow of water and air inside the tower. References: Literature: 1.Kai Wang, Feng- Zhong sun, experimental research of the guiding channels effect on the thermal performance of wet cooling towers subjected to crosswinds- Air guiding effect on cooling tower, Applied Thermal Engineering 30(2010) 533-538. 2.Z.Zhai, S.Fu, Improving cooling efficiency of dry cooling towers under cross wind condition by using wind brake method, Applied Thermal Engineering 26(2006) 1008-1017. 3.Bilal Ahmed Qureshi, Saied M Zubair, A compressive design and performance evolution study of counter flow wet cooling towers, Internal Journal of Refrigeration 27(2004) 914-923. 4.Wikipedia(images) Websites: http://www.cti.org/whatis/coolingtowerdetail.shtml http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com http://www.coolingtowerproduct.com