Population Economics

Submitted to:
Mam Rooma Asjad
Defination:
Migration is the movement of people across a
identified boundary with the purposes of
settling, permanently or temporarily in a new
location.
Internal Migration: refers to movement with in
the country
International Migration: refers to movement
across the border from one country to another
 Measurement of Migration:
Usually we measure the migration through the two aspects
(1).Emigration (2).Immigration
 Emigration

These include citizens that have migrated to another

country.
Immigrants:
Peoples who come from other countries is called
immigrants.
Sources of migration numbers of people
Population censuses
Population registers (an individualized data system, that is, a
mechanism of continuous recording, and/or of coordinated
linkage, of selected information.)
Statistical bureau of migration
Ministry of Interior (Ict, Nadra, Fia, Fc, Civil Defense, Nacta)
Overseas Pakistanis Foundation(complaint cell, airport
facilitation, housing , education, vocational training)
Labor Force Survey (LFS) which covers only internal migration
 Problems about collecting data of
migration:

Irregular migration (stay in a country without necessary

documents)
Human trafficking (illegally transportation of peoples
from one country to another)
Non availability data bank
Inflow of refugees (a person who has been forced to
leave their country in order to escape war, persecution,
or natural disaster
Causes of internal Migration
Internal migration
Definition: Any permanent change in
residence.
What about
Students?
Temporary residents for education or employment
purposes?
Short moves; e.g., moving to a larger house?
coun....
The process of migration especially internal
migration in Pakistan is an old phenomenon
It not only improves the socio-economic
condition of the migrant households but also
provides opportunities for employment
Artical
In Pakistan the urban population is 35% of the
total population and its average annual growth
rate is 3.4% (1990-2005)
The effect of migration on household income
in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
especially in district Peshawar
Coun...
A total of 93 sampled respondents were
purposively interviewed. The study indicates
that about 71% of the total respondents
migrated with their families during the period
(2001-2010).
Causes
War against terror, quality education, and
employment were observed as major causes of
rural-urban migration.
The earning members of 69.9% of the
respondents increased after migration. The
joint families were scattered in to nuclear
family.
The education ratio of 83.9% of the
respondents increased with migration.
Positive changes
They meet basic facilities like education, health
and creation of off-farm jobs, improved
training opportunities and development
programs should be provided to rural peoples.
International Migration
International Migration

A county grows in population through

births and immigration. A country loses
people through deaths and emigration.
When people move from one country to
another it is called international migration.
 What is Immigration
Peoples who come from other countries
is called immigrants. almost five million
illegal immigrants have been residing in
different cities of Pakistan for more than
three decades. The illegal immigrants,
around two million Bangladeshis, 2.5
million Afghanis and 0.5 million other
nationals including Africans, Iranians,
Iraqis and Myanmars, are currently
 What is Emigration?
This is when a person leave their place of residence
(their homes or country) and move for a number of
reasons. Overseas Pakistanis refers to Pakistani people
who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens
that have migrated to another country as well as people
born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the UN
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan
has the 6th largest movement in the world. The
Overseas Pakistani workers remitted US$ 12,363.3
million in first eight months July to February of fiscal
year 2017
 Push factors of migration
Wars, Crime and Violence
Poor educational opportunities
Limited or less jobs
Lack of basic infrastructure housing, water, roads etc
Low wages/ salaries
Lack of technologies
 Pull factors of migration
Availability of jobs
Technological advancement
High wages
Political stability
Low crime rate
Proper infrastructure roads, internet, housing,
electricity etc
 Positive & Negative consequences
New skill are introduced into the labour force
Creation of a multicultural society
Readily available labour force

Negative Consequences:
Greater pressure on the resources of the country
Greater pressure on the social services
Increase population
Increase unemployment
 Effects of migration on home
country
Remittances
Money sent home by workers
Loss of revenue
Money made outside of the country os not subject to texes
Brain Drain
Young people educated elsewhere but do not return home
stay in the host country
[Causes]
Migration
[Anas Ejaz]
Migration
the movement of people across international
boundaries.
has enormous implications for growth and
poverty alleviation in both origin and destination
countries.
more than 247 million people were living outside
of their countries of birth in 2013, and over 750
million migrate within their countries.
Why do people migrate?
Yes, we know that people migrate because of
following 5 basic reasons.
Economic
Environmental
Political
Cultural
Social
Reasons And Causes
Environmental Better climate, calamities, and
natural disasters are examples of environmental
causes or reasons.
Economic Moving to find work or moving to
follow a particular career path is an example of
economic cause or reason.
Cultural Religious freedom and education is an
example of cultural cause or reason.
Cont.
Political Civil war or escaping from political
persecution is an example of political cause or
reason.
Social Moving for a better quality of life or
moving closer to a family member or friend is an
example of a social cause or reason.
Factors
we categorize the above causes or reasons for
migration into 2 factors
Push
Pull
Cont..
Push Factors These are reasons for leaving a
place, which is called emigrating, because of
certain difficulties like food shortage, war, flood,
calamities, etc.
Pull Factors These are reasons for moving
into a place, which is called immigrating, because
of an aspiration, dream, or something desirable
like abundance in food supply, a better climate,
more freedom, etc.
Push factors
Push factors are the reasons why people leave an
area. They are usually involuntary or forced
migrations
1) crop failure
2) drought
3) flooding
4) high crime
5) lack of services
6) lack of safety
7) poverty
8) war
Pull factors
Pull factors are the reasons why people are
attracted or pulled to a particular area. They are
usually voluntary migrations:
1) good climate
2) higher employment
3) lower risk from natural hazards
4) more fertile land
5) more wealth
6) political stability
7) safer, less crime
8) better services
 Artical Reference:
Author Name:
Stephen Castles

Publish:
Published Online 15 April 2014

Reference:
Artical:
Author Name:
Prof. Dr. Rashid Khan
Sareer khan

Publish:
November 2012
Vol 1 No 8, PP (91-98)