Genetic endowments Environmental

and special abilities conditions and events.

FACTORS
INFLUENCE
CARRIER
CHOICE

Task approach skills.

Learning experiences
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
1. Genetic endowments and
special abilities
Inherited qualities that may
set limits on individual
career opportunities.
Eg: race, sex, disabilities,
talents
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
2. Environmental conditions and events.
Factors of influence that are often beyond the
individuals control. Certain events and circumstances
influence skills development, activities, and career
preferences. Eg:
a) nature of job opportunities (Santa Claus, scuba diver)
b) nature of training opportunities
c) social policies (court decisions on testing, diploma)
d) labor laws, union rules, technological developments
e) natural disasters which change economy
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
3. Learning experiences
Each persons learning experience is unique.

Type of learning experience:

a) Instrumental experience
act on environment, produce consequences
Instrumental learning experiences are those in which
a person is directly involved in a learning situation
and experiences the reward or punishment from
good or mistaken deeds firsthand.
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
3. Learning experiences
Each persons learning experience is unique.

Type of learning experience:

a) Instrumental experience
act on environment, produce consequences
Instrumental learning experiences are those in which
a person is directly involved in a learning situation
and experiences the reward or punishment from
good or mistaken deeds firsthand.
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE

Three Components:

i) Antecedents refers to almost any type of condition; people

respond to antecedents with behavior

ii) Behaviors may be obvious or subtle, may have impact on

others

iii)Consequences may be obvious or subtle

Example: if someone gets an A on an exam, she will be more

likely to continue studying in that field than if she does poorly
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
b) Associative experiences: cognitive connections,
emotional component
When an individual pairs a situation that was
previously neutral with one that is positive or negative,
an associative learning experience occurs.
It arise when the person associates previous events
with a later positive or negative reinforcement,
concluding that certain acts must have indirectly
resulted in later outcomes.
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
c) Vicarious experiences
occur when individuals learn by observing
directly and indirectly, through such media as
TV and the Internet.
 FACTORS OF CAREER CHOICE
4. Task approach skills.
Sets of skills the individual has developed, such as
problem-solving skills, work habits, mental sets,
emotional response, and cognitive responses.
Modified as a result of desirable or undesirable
experiences.
How someone approaches a task depends on
previous experience and influences the outcome
of the task
 HAPPENSTANCE LEARNING THEORY
(HLT)
HLT is an attempt to explain how and why
individuals follow their different paths through
life and how counselors can facilitate this process.
Human behavior is the product of learning
experiences made available by both planned and
unplanned situations. Every situation can be seen
as presenting potential opportunities, if
individuals can recognize them and then take
action to capitalize on them.
SEVEN-STEP CARRIER DECISION-
MAKING MODEL (DECIDES)
 THE ROLE OF COUNSELOR
Two main methods in helping
client:

1. Observer- give client a

feedback, information and
courage

2. Identify clients non-valid

personal belief
 THE ROLE OF COUNSELOR
Three Questions to test validity
of self-belief:
1. How do you know that your
belief is true?
2. What action can you take to
identify the validity of your
belief?
3. What is the evidence to
prove the opposite belief is
true?
 THE ROLE OF COUNSELOR
As such, the counsellors role is to help
clients approach chance conditions and
events positively. In particular, counsellors
foster in their clients:
1. curiosity to explore learning
opportunities
2. persistence to deal with obstacles
3. flexibility to address a variety of
circumstances and events
4. optimism to maximise benefits from
unplanned events.
 THE ROLE OF COUNSELOR
Counselors should address the following
problems:
1. Failure to recognize that a remediable
problem exists .
2. Failure to exert effort needed to make
decisions or solve problems.
3. Eliminated potentially satisfying
alternative for inappropriate reasons.
4.Choosing poor alternatives for
inappropriate reasons
5. Suffering anguish and anxiety over
perceived inability to achieve goals
 CAREER BELIEF INVENTORY (CBI)
CBI is the ideal tool to use at the
beginning of the career counseling
process to explore clients' assumptions,
generalizations, and beliefs about
themselves and the world of work.
The CBI provides a springboard for
counselors and clients to discuss
important issues that are usually
overlooked. It will help clients discover
new options and alternative ways of
attaining their career goals.
 CAREER BELIEF INVENTORY (CBI)
1. Career Confidence

2. Career Activity

3. Career Independence

4. Career Flexibility

5. Career Positivity
 APPLICATION OF THEORY
The counsellors role is to help people create more
satisfying lives for themselves.
The counsellor tries to understand how someone
arrived at a career-related view of him or herself and
the world, and helps the client reframe this view by
identifying how it may be limiting or problematic.
Counsellors can help shape the environment, making
it conducive to learning.
 APPLICATION OF THEORY
The counsellors role is to encourage the client to
actively engage in tasks that will help maintain an
exploratory attitude and generate unplanned career
opportunities when encountering unexpected
events.
The focus is on the learning process and how it
affects vocational choice and change.
Indecision should be labelled open-mindedness.