Management & Analyses the Data

Using the Statistical Method

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 Specimens
In the lab we deal with specimens.
Specimens are assumed to be representative
samples that have the general behavioral
characteristics of that type of material.
Specimens are often not in the same
configuration as the material in use.
Specimens are tested under controlled
conditions for specific properties.
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Population vs. Sample

Population: All the

specimens. There are N
specimens in the
population.
Sample: A small,
representative, portion of
the population. There
are n specimens in the
sample.
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 Sampling Techniques
Samples should be taken in a random
manner, so that each specimen has an equal
chance of being selected every time a
choice is made.
The number of samples taken is significant.
The smaller the sampling, the higher the
probability for error.

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 Data
We use lab tests to gather data.
Data is representative values of
quantities which identify the material.
Statistics are used to assemble, analyze
and present the data.

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 Management & Data Analysis
Data must be :
in the sheet of form (understandable &
usable)
can be resumed & interpreted
 Stages in Analysing Data
1. Reduction of raw data (pereduksian data mentah ):
a. Meaningful if data are compared
b. Simplification (Load Stress)
2. Summary of data (penyimpulan data)
Big data difficult to be analysed & evaluated
Statistical procedure is required
3. Correlation between all variables (menghubungkan
antara beberapa variable) : corelation between antara
deterministic variable whether from testing or theory.

Tools : tabulation, graphs, bar chart & correlation diagram

Statistical methods must refer to ASTM E456,
Examples: Data in Fatigue test in ASTM E206
 Variables
Deterministic Variables: Variables that
can be determined and will not change.
Random Variables: Variables that vary
due to the random characteristics of the
specimen.

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 Error
No experiment can be designed that will be
totally free from error.
Their possible effects on results must be
examined in interpreting the results.

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 Two Types of Error
Systematic Error.
Caliper, Load cell, Extensometer
Random Error.
Measurement, Electronic noise,
Necking locations,
Imperfection of specimen

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Probability theory Easy to resumed & very usable.
 Frequency
Frequency Table
235-240 240-245 245-250 250-255 255-260
235.80 243.73 245.45 250.97 257.17
246.83 253.73
247.52
249.93 Frequency: The number of
times an observation occurs.
HISTOGRAM Frequency Table: Data
4 grouped into a table based on
3 ranges of values.
Frequency

2 Histogram: The graph of

1 the frequency table.
0 Frequency curve: Results
230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Yield Stress (MPa) from the histogram as the
intervals are made smaller. 12
 Statistical Quantities
Extremes: Maximum and minimum values.
Range: The difference between the maximum and
minimum values.
Median: The middle value in the data.
Mean: The average of all data values.
Variance: The variability of the data with respect
to the mean value.
Standard Deviation: The square root of the
variance.
Coefficient of variation: A means of representing
the variation as a percentage. 13
 Mean
The average of all values.
n

x i
x i 1
n
The MEAN of the following numbers is 36.4:

10, 42, 13, 90, 67, -20, 53.

The MEDIAN is 42.

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 Variance
The variation of the data with respect to the
mean.
n

(x i x) 2

s
2 i 1
n 1

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 Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance.

s s 2

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 Coefficient of Variation
A means of presenting the variation as a
percentage.

s
v 100
x
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 Significance of Results
The real significance of any test lies in the extent to which
it enables us to predict the performance of a material in
service.
A test is significant if it measures adequately a property
that is sufficiently basic and representative that the test
results can be used directly in design.
Or it is significant because the test, even though highly
arbitrary, serves to identify materials that have been
proved by experience to give satisfactory performance.

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