Mathematics

2 credits
 Syllabus
1. Functions
2. Limits
3. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
4. Differential
5. Differential
6. Differential Aplications
7. Integral
8. Integral
9. Integral
10. Set (Himpunan)
11. Probability, permutation and combination
12. Probability, permutation and combination
13. Descriptive Statistics
14. Descriptive Statistics
 Reference
Purcell, Varberg, Rigdon, Calculus 9Th Ed,
Prentice Hall,
Swokowski, Calculus with analytic geometry,
1983
Frank Ayres, Kalkulus, seri buku Schaum
Kalkulus, Edisi Kesembilan, Jilid 1 dan 2,
Varberg, Purcell, dan Ridgon
M.L. Keedy and Marvin L.Bittinger, Algebra and
Trigonometry: A Functions Approach
Ronald E Walpole, Pengantar Statistik
 Functions
Definition 2 :
A function f is a rule of correspondence that associates with each object x in one
set. called the domain, a single value f(x) from a second set. The set of all values so
obtained is called the range of the function. (See Figure 1.)

Think of a function as a machine that takes as its input a value x and

produces an output f(x). (See Figure 2.) Each input value is matched
with a single output value. It can, however, happen that several
different input values give the same output value

The definition puts no restriction on the domain and range sets. The domain might consist of
the set of people in your calculus class, the range the set of grades {A, B, C, D, F} that will be
given, and the rule of correspondence the assignment of grades. Nearly all functions you
encounter in this book will be functions of one or more real numbers. For example, the function
g might take a real number x and square it. producing the real number x2 . In this case we have a
formula that gives the rule of correspondence, that is. g(x) = x2. A schematic diagram for this
function is shown in Figure 3.
Definition 2 :
A function f from a set X to a set Y is a correspondence that
assigns to each element x of X a unique element y of Y. The
element y is called the image of x under f and is denoted by f(x).
The set X is called the domain of the function. The range of the
function consists of all images of elements of X
 Representations of Functions
There are four possible ways to represent a function:
verbally (by a description in words)
numerically (by a table of values)
visually (by a graph)
algebraically (by an explicit formula)

A The area A of a circle depends on the radius r of the circle.

The rule that connectsA and r is given by the equation:

A r 2

With each positive number r there is associated one value

of A, and we say that A is a function of r
B

C
 The rule that the U. S. Postal Service used as of 2001 is as follows:
The cost is 34 cents for up to one ounce, plus 22 cents for each
successive ounce up to 11 ounces.

D
 Graphs of Functions
The graph of a function is a curve in the xy-plane. But the
question arises: Which curves in the xy -plane are graphs of
functions? This is answered by the following test.
The Vertical Line Test A curve in the xy-plane is the
graph of a function of x if and only if no vertical line
intersects the curve more than once.
 Classification of Functions
We may classify functions by their formula as follows:
Polynomials
Linear Functions, Quadratic Functions, Cubic Functions.
Piecewise Defined Functions
Absolute Value Functions, Step Functions
Rational Functions
Algebraic Functions
Trigonometric and Inverse trigonometric Functions
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions

transcendental
 Functions Properties
We may classify functions by some of their
properties as follows:
Injective (One to One) Functions
Surjective (Onto) Functions
Odd or Even Functions
Periodic Functions
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Continuous Functions
Differentiable Functions
 One-to-One Function
Definition : A function f from X to Y is a one-to-one
function if, whenever ab in X, then f(a)f(b) in Y
Exercise :
1. If f(x) = 3x + 2 ,where x is real, prove that f is one-to-one.

2. If g(x) = x2 + 5, where x is real, prove that g is not one-to-

one

3. Determine if the function f is one-to-one :

a. f(x) = 2x +9
b. f(x) = 5 3x2
1
c. f ( x)
7x 9
 Polynomial Function
Definition : A function of f is a polynomial function if
f ( x) an x n an 1 x n 1 ... a1 x a0
where the coefficient a0, a1, , an are real numbers
and the exponents are non-negative integers.
Symmetry
Transformations of Functions
Combinations of Functions
 Exercise
Find the sum, difference, and product of f and g,
and the quotient of f by g ,
1. f ( x) 3 x , g ( x) 1 /( 2 x 3)
2

2. f ( x ) x 3 , g ( x ) x 3
1 1
3. f ( x) x , g ( x) x
x x
4. f ( x ) x 3 3 x , g ( x ) 3 x 2 1
5. f ( x) 2 x 3 x 5, g ( x) x 2 x 2
6. f ( x) 7 x 4 x 2 1, g ( x) 7 x 4 x 3 4 x
Composition of Functions
 Excercise
1. If f ( x) x 2 and g ( x) 5 x x ,
Find ( g f )( x)

2. If f ( x ) x 2
1 and g ( x) 3 x 5 ,
Find ( f g )( x) and ( g f )( x)

3. Find ( f g )( x) and ( g f )( x)
a. f ( x) 2 x 2 5, g ( x) 4 7 x
b. f ( x) 1 /(3x 1), g ( x) 2 / x 2
c. f ( x) x 3 , g ( x) x 1
d . f ( x) x 2 4 , g ( x) 7 x 2 1
Power Functions
Exponential Functions
Inverse Functions
 Excercise
Write an equation of the inverse relation :

1. y 4 x 5 6. y 4 x 5
2

2. y 3 x 5 7. y 3 x 5 2

3. x 3 y 3
2 2
8. xy 7
4. 2 x 5 y 4 9. xy 5
2 2

5. y 3 x 22
10. x 3 y 4
2 2
Logarithmic Functions
The logarithm with base is called the natural logarithm and has a
special notation:
 Trigonometric Functions
Definition : If t is any real number and P(x,y) is the
point on the unit circle U that corresponds to t, then
the trigonometric functions are given by
sin t y 1
csc t (if y 0)
cos t x y
y 1
tan t (if x 0) sec t (if x 0)
x x
x
cot t (if y 0)
y
 The Fundamental Identities
1 1 1
csc t sec t cot t
sin t cos t tan t
sin t cos t 1 cot 2
t csc 2
t
tan t cot t
cos t sin t
sin 2 t cos 2 t 1 1 tan 2 t sec 2 t
Definition : If is an angle and if the radian measure of
is t, then the value of a trigonometric function at is its
value at the real number t
Theorem : Let be an angle in standard position on rectangular
coordinate system and let Q(a,b) be any point other than O on the
terminal side of . If d(O,Q) = r, then
b r
sin csc (if b 0)
r b
a r
cos sec (if a 0)
r a
b
tan (if a 0) a
cot (if b 0)
a b
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
When we try to find the inverse trigonometric functions, we have a slight
difficulty. Because the trigonometric functions are not one-to-one, they
dont have inverse functions. The difficulty is overcome by restricting the
domains of these functions so that hey become one-to-one.