Finite Element Method

By: Dr. Engr. Saeed Badshah

Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIU Islamabad

 Course Contents
1. Introduction to Finite Element Modeling
2. Introduction to the stiffness (displacement) Method
3. Development of Truss problems
4. Development of Beam Problems
5. Development of Plane stress and Plane strain Stiffness equation
(Introduction to two Dimensional Finite Element Analysis)
6. Heat Transfer and Mass transport
7. Fluid flow in porous Media
8. Thermal Stress
Recommended Books

A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Daryl Logan, Fifth Edition.
Introduction to finite element methods by Carlos A. Fellipa
Finite Element Procedures, K. J. Bathe, Prentice Hall.
The Finite Element Method in Engineering, S.S. Rao.
An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, J.N. Reddy, Tata McGraw-Hill
Edition.
Finite Element Method with applications in Engineering, Y.M. Desai, T.I.
Eldho, A.H. Shah, Pearson
Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis, David V. Hutton
Marks Distribution:

Project + Assignments + Quiz (5% + 10% + 10%)

Midterm exam (25%)

Final Exam (50%)

 Introduction

Why you need to study Finite

Element Analysis?
 Introduction

Analysis is the Key to effective

design.
 Introduction

uniform loading
Fixed boundary

Element
Finite element
Cantilever plate
model
in plane strain

Node
Problem: Obtain the
stresses/strains in the
plate
 Finite Element Analysis
PREPROCESSING
1. Create a geometric model
2. Develop the finite element model

Solid model Finite element model

 Finite Element Analysis
FEM analysis scheme

Step 1: Divide the problem domain into non overlapping regions

(elements) connected to each other through special points
(nodes)
Element
Node

Finite element model

FEM analysis scheme

Step 2: Describe the behavior of each element

Step 3: Describe the behavior of the entire body by putting together

the behavior of each of the elements (this is a process known as
assembly)

POSTPROCESSING

Compute Stress, strain, moment etc

 Preprocessing
Step 1

Step 2
Analysis
Step 3

Postprocessing

The Analysis phase alone has 3 steps (which we will be most

interested in the rest of this course)
 Approximate methods of analysis
Approximating Methods: Generally used approximating methods are as follow.
Finite Difference Method
Method of Weighted Residuals
Collocation Method
Galrekin Method
Subdomain Method
Least Square Method
Rayleigh Ritz Method
Finite Element Method
Finite Volume Method
 General Approaches in FEM
There are many ways in which one can formulate the properties of individual
elements of the domain. Most commonly used approaches to formulate matrices
are:
Direct Approach
Variational Approach
Energy Approach
Weighted Residual Approach

13
 Introduction

Introduction
The finite element method has become a powerful tool for the numerical
solution of a wide range of engineering problems.

Applications range from deformation and stress analysis of automotive,

aircraft, building, and bridge structures to field analysis of heat flux, fluid
flow, magnetic flux, seepage, and other flow problems

With the advances in computer technology and CAD systems, complex

problems can be modeled with relative ease.

Several alternative configurations can be tried out on a computer before

the first prototype is built.

All of this suggests that we need to keep pace with these developments by
understanding the basic theory, modeling techniques, and computational
aspects of the finite element method.
 Introduction

Introduction
In this method of analysis, a complex region defining a continuum is
discretized into simple geometric shapes called finite elements.

The material properties and the governing relationships are considered

over these elements and expressed in terms of unknown values at element
corners.

An assembly process, considering the loading and constraints, results in a

set of equations.

Solution of these equations gives an approximate behavior of the

continuum.
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
 Introduction

Historical Background
It is difficult to document the exact origin of the FEM, because the basic
concepts have evolved over a period of 150 or more years.

Basic ideas of the finite element method originated from advances in

aircraft structural analysis.

In 1941, Hrenikoff presented a solution of elasticity problems using the

frame work method.

Courants paper, which used piecewise polynomial interpolation over

triangular subregions to model torsion problems, appeared in 1943.

Turner et al. derived stiffness matrices for truss, beam, and other
elements and presented their findings in 1956.

The term finite element was first coined and used by Clough in 1960.
 Introduction

Historical Background
A book by Argyris in 1955 on energy theorems and matrix methods laid a
foundation for further developments in finite element studies.

In the early 1960s, engineers used the method for approximate solution of
problems in stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer, and other areas.

The first book on finite elements by Zienkiewicz and Chung was published in
1967.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, finite element analysis was applied to
nonlinear problems and large deformations.
 Introduction
Historical Background

The 1970s marked advances in mathematical treatments, including the

development of new elements, and convergence studies.

Most commercial FEM software packages originated in the 1970s

(ABAQUS, ADINA, ANSYS, MARK, PAFEC) and 1980s (FENRIS,
LARSTRAN 80, SESAM 80.)

Today, developments in distributed or multi-node computers and availability

of powerful microcomputers have brought this method within reach of
students and engineers working in small industries.

The FEM is one of the most important developments in computational

methods to occur in the 20th century. In just a few decades, the method
has evolved from one with applications in structural engineering to a widely
utilized and richly varied computational approach for many scientific and
technological areas.
 Introduction

General Steps of the Finite Element Method

Typically, for the structural stress-analysis problem, the engineer seeks
to determine displacements and stresses throughout the structure,
which is in equilibrium and is subjected to applied loads.
For many structures, it is difficult to determine the distribution of
deformation using conventional methods, and thus the finite element
method is necessarily used.
 Introduction

General Steps of the Finite Element Method

There are two general approaches associated with the finite element
method.
One approach, called the force, or flexibility method, uses internal
forces as the unknowns of the problem.
To obtain the governing equations, first the equilibrium equations are
used. Then necessary additional equations are found by introducing
compatibility equations.
The result is a set of algebraic equations for determining the redundant or
unknown forces.
 Introduction

General Steps of the Finite Element Method

The second approach, called the displacement, or stiffness method,
assumes the displacements of the nodes as the unknowns of the problem.
The governing equations are expressed in terms of nodal displacements
using the equations of equilibrium and an applicable law relating forces to
displacements.
 Introduction

General Steps of the Finite Element Method

These two approaches result in different unknowns (forces or
displacements) in the analysis and different matrices associated with their
formulations (flexibilities or stiffnesses).
It has been shown that, for computational purposes, the displacement (or
stiffness) method is more desirable because its formulation is simpler for
most structural analysis problems.
 Introduction

General Steps of the Finite Element Method

The finite element method involves modeling the structure using small
interconnected elements called finite elements.
A displacement function is associated with each finite element.
 Introduction

General Steps of the Finite Element Method

Every interconnected element is linked, directly or indirectly, to every
other element through common (or shared) interfaces, including nodes
and/or boundary lines and/or surfaces.
The total set of equations describing the behavior of each node results
in a series of algebraic equations best expressed in matrix notation.
 Introduction

Basic Ingredients - Discrete Problems

The basic steps or building blocks of any application of FEM to a
mathematical or physical problem are:
1.Discretization
2.Interpolation
3.Elemental Description or Formulation
4.Assembly
5.Constraints
6.Solution
7.Computation of Derived Variables
 Introduction

Basic Ingredients - Discrete Problems

Whether the FEM is used for
(1)setting up and solving a problem by hand,
(2)using an existing FEM program to solve a problem, or
(3)generating or writing a program to solve a class of problems;
These basic steps are important in setting-up and solving the FEM model.
 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
Step 1 involves dividing the body into an equivalent system of finite
elements with associated nodes and choosing the most appropriate
element type.
The total number of elements used and their variation in size and type
within a given body are primarily matters of engineering judgment.
The elements must be made small enough to give usable results and yet
large enough to reduce computational effort.
Small elements (and possibly higher-order elements) are generally
desirable where the results are changing rapidly, such as where changes
in geometry occur, whereas large elements can be used where results are
relatively constant.
 Discretizations
The sub-division of a continuum or a large element into a large
number of small discrete elements.
Model body by dividing it into an equivalent system of smaller bodies
or units (finite elements) interconnected at points common to two or
more elements (nodes or nodal points) and/or boundary lines and/or
surfaces.

32
 Discretization Examples

Three-Dimensional
One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Brick Elements
Frame Elements Triangular Elements
Common Types of Elements
One-Dimensional Elements
Line
Rods, Beams, Trusses, Frames
Two-Dimensional Elements
Triangular, Quadrilateral
Plates, Shells, 2-D Continua

Three-Dimensional Elements
Tetrahedral, Rectangular Prism (Brick)
3-D Continua
 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
Primary line elements consist of bar (or truss) and beam elements.
They have a cross-sectional area but are usually represented by line
segments.

The simplest line element (called a linear element) has two nodes,
one at each end, although higher-order elements having three nodes
or more (called quadratic, cubic, etc. elements) also exist.
 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
The basic two-dimensional (or plane) elements are loaded by forces in their
own plane (plane stress or plane strain conditions). They are triangular or
quadrilateral elements.

The simplest two-dimensional elements have corner nodes only (linear

elements) with straight sides or boundaries although there are also higher-
order elements, typically with mid-side nodes (called quadratic elements)
and curved sides.
 Introduction

Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
 Introduction

Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

 Introduction

Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
The most common three-dimensional elements are tetrahedral and
hexahedral (or brick) elements; they are used when it becomes necessary
to perform a three- dimensional stress analysis.
The basic three dimensional elements have corner nodes only and straight
sides, whereas higher-order elements with mid-edge nodes (and possible
mid-face nodes) have curved surfaces for their sides
 Introduction

Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

 Introduction

Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
The axisymmetric element is developed by rotating a triangle or
quadrilateral about a fixed axis located in the plane of the element
through 360.
This element can be used when the geometry and loading of the
problem are axisymmetric.
 Introduction
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
 Introduction
Step 2 - Select a Displacement Function
Step 2 involves choosing a displacement function within each element.
The function is defined within the element using the nodal values of the
element.
Linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials are frequently used functions
because they are simple to work with in finite element formulation.
 Introduction
Step 2 - Select a Displacement Function
The functions are expressed in terms of the nodal unknowns (in the two-
dimensional problem, in terms of an x and a y component).
Hence, the finite element method is one in which a continuous quantity, such
as the displacement throughout the body, is approximated by a discrete
model composed of a set of piecewise-continuous functions defined within
each finite domain or finite element.
 Introduction

Stresses must be related to the strains through the stress/strain law

(generally called the constitutive law). The simplest of stress/strain
laws, Hookes law, often used in stress analysis, is given by:
x E x
 Introduction
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
Direct Equilibrium Method - According to this method, the stiffness
matrix and element equations relating nodal forces to nodal
displacements are obtained using force equilibrium conditions for a basic
element, along with force/deformation relationships.
This method is most easily adaptable to line or one- dimensional
elements (spring, bar, and beam elements)
 Introduction
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
Work or Energy Methods - To develop the stiffness matrix and equations
for two- and three-dimensional elements, it is much easier to apply a work
or energy method.
The principle of virtual work (using virtual displacements), the principle of
minimum potential energy, and Castiglianos theorem are methods
frequently used for the purpose of derivation of element equations.
We will present the principle of minimum potential energy (probably the
most well known of the three energy methods mentioned here)
 Introduction
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
Methods of Weighted Residuals - The methods of weighted residuals are
useful for developing the element equations (particularly popular is Galerkins
method).
These methods yield the same results as the energy methods, wherever the
energy methods are applicable.
They are particularly useful when a functional such as potential energy is
not readily available.
The weighted residual methods allow the finite element method to be applied
directly to any differential equation
 Introduction
Step 5 Assemble the Element Equations and Introduce Boundary
Conditions
The individual element equations generated in Step 4 can now be added
together using a method of superposition (called the direct stiffness
method) whose basis is nodal force equilibrium (to obtain the global
equations for the whole structure).
Implicit in the direct stiffness method is the concept of continuity, or
compatibility, which requires that the structure remain together and that no
tears occur anywhere in the structure.
The final assembled or global equation written in matrix form

is:
F K d
 Introduction
Step 6 - Solve for the Unknown Degrees of Freedom (or Generalized
Displacements)

Once the element equations are assembled and modified to

account for the boundary conditions, a set of simultaneous
algebraic equations that can be written in expanded matrix form as:

F1 K11 K12 K1n d1

F2 K 21 K 22 K 2n d 2



Fn K n1 K n2 K nn d n

where n is the structure total number of unknown nodal degrees of

freedom.
These equations can be solved for the ds by using an elimination method
(such as Gausss method) or an iterative method (such as Gauss Seidels
method)
 Introduction
Step 7 - Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses
For the structural stress-analysis problem, important secondary quantities of
strain and stress (or moment and shear force) can be obtained in terms of
the displacements determined in Step 6.

Step 8 - Interpret the Results

The final goal is to interpret and analyze the results for use in the
design/analysis process.
Determination of locations in the structure where large deformations and
large stresses occur is generally important in making design/analysis
decisions.
 Introduction
Advantages of the Finite Element Method
The finite element method has been applied to numerous problems, both
structural and non-structural. This method has a number of advantages that
have made it very popular.
Model irregularly shaped bodies quite easily
Handle general load conditions without difficulty
Model bodies composed of several different materials because the
element equations are evaluated individually
Handle unlimited numbers and kinds of boundary conditions
Vary the size of the elements to make it possible to use small elements
where necessary
Alter the finite element model relatively easily and cheaply
Include dynamic effects
Handle nonlinear behavior existing with large deformations and nonlinear
materials.
 Introduction
Advantages of the Finite Element Method
The systematic generality of FEM procedure makes it a powerful and
versatile tool for a wide range of problems.
FEM is simple, compact and result oriented and hence widely popular
among engineering community.
FEM can be easily coupled with CAD programs in various streams of
engineering.
Availability of large number of Computer software packages and literature
makes FEM a versatile and powerful numerical method
The finite element method of structural analysis enables the designer to
detect stress, vibration, and thermal problems during the design process
and to evaluate design changes before the construction of a possible
prototype.
Thanks For Your Attention
 Role of simulation in design:
Boeing 777

Source: Boeing Web site (http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/).

The Boeing 777 is the first jetliner to be 100 percent digitally
designed using three-dimensional solids technology. Throughout the
design process, the airplane was "preassembled" on the computer,
eliminating the need for a costly, full-scale mock-up.
The 230 000 kg plane is the biggest twin-engine aircraft ever to fly-it
can carry 375 passengers 7400 km-and from its first service flight in
June 1995, has been certified for extended-range twin-engine
operations.
Boeing invested more than $4 billion (and insiders say much more)
in CAD infrastructure for the design of the Boeing 777 and reaped
huge benefits from design automation. The more than 3 million parts
were represented in an integrated database that allowed designers to
do a complete 3D virtual mock-up of the vehicle.
Boeing based its CAD system on CATIA (short for Computer-aided
Three-dimensional Interactive Application) and ELFINI (Finite
Element Analysis System), both developed by Dassault Systemes of
France (Dassault systems acquired ABAQUS in 2005 and
ABAQUS+CATIA is known as SIMULIA) and licensed in the
United States through IBM. Designers also used EPIC (Electronic
Preassembly Integration on CATIA) and other digital preassembly
applications developed by Boeing. Much of the same technology was
used on the B-2 program.
To design the 777, Boeing organized its workers into 238 cross-
functional "design build teams" responsible for specific products.
The teams used 2200 terminals and the computer-aided three
dimensional interactive application (CATIA) system to produce a
"paperless" design that allowed engineers to simulate assembly of the
777.
Another success ..in failure:
Airbus A380

http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/
Drag Force Analysis
of Aircraft

Question
What is the drag force distribution on the aircraft?
 San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge

Before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge

After the earthquake

San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge

A finite element model to analyze the

bridge under seismic loads
Courtesy: ADINA R&D
Crush Analysis of
Ford Windstar

Question
What is the load-deformation relation?
Engine Thermal
Analysis

Picture from
http://www.adina.com

Question
What is the temperature distribution in the engine block?
 Radiation Therapy of
Lung Cancer

http://www.simulia.com/academics/research_lung.html