Title IX

Alexis, Alyssa, Isabelle,

Victor, Bradford
What does Title IX state?
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: "No
person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation
in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education
program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
When did Title IX became law?
Title IX was enacted by congress and signed into law by President Richard Nixon on
June 23, 1972
Why is Title IX so important?
Title IX was enacted to help prevent discrimination in the United States educational
athletic system. It gives each equal rights to educational programs, activities, and
federal assistance. For example, prior to Title IX there were few opportunities for
female athletes.
NCAA Protests Title IX
Although Title IX passed with little controversy, the NCAA (National Collegiate
Athletic Association) had problems with it soon after its passing. Title IX requires
not only equal opportunity for female athletes, but equal funding as well. The NCAA
argued mens sports would suffer due to their decrease in funding. This complaint
did little for the NCAA and Title IX remained law.
Reagans Impact
Ronald Reagan was not a fan of Title IX and vetoed it in 1984. He said that if the
program at the institution was not government funded, they had every right to
discriminate against females. This meant that athletic programs no longer needed to
give females equal opportunity. However, congress ruled over the veto and passed
the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988. This act stated that any educational
institution that was funded by the government in any way had to follow Title IX
laws.
What Title IX Protects
Access to Higher Education

Career Education

Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students

Employment

Learning Environment

Math and Science

Sexual Harassment

Standardized Testing and Technology

Court Case Involving Title IX
J.L. v. Mohawk Central School District (2010)

J.L. (14 yrs/ Junior in Highschool/ Gay) was harassed, physically abused, and
threatened violently for not conforming to masculine stereotypes

District was made aware of this, however, they did not:

formally investigate the abuse

punish students

inform J.L. and his family of their rights to file complaints under school's grievance procedures

Family filed lawsuit and it was ruled that the district violated J.Ls rights under
14th amendment, Title IX, and state of human rights and civil rights laws
https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2012/06/20/
OUTCOME: Department of Justice has clarify that sex discrimination
titleixreport.pdf
worked to
Court Case Involving Title IX
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999)

Female Student (5th grade) and her family filed lawsuit after she was sexually
harassed by fellow student

The family notified school and repeatedly asked school fix the situation, but the
school did nothing

Supreme Court ruled that school is liable under Title IX for student-to-student
harassment that deprives harassed student of educational opportunities

Since the school had notice of the harassment and were deliberately indifferent to it

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/
OUTCOME: Department of Justice has worked to establish that Title IX prohibits
crt/legacy/2012/06/20/titleixreport.pdf
sex-based harassment by both students and teachers, and that schools must
What does title IX mean for the Future?
Education: Focus only on who needs help not who we expect will need help

Outside of Education:

Equal job opportunities for all people

Equal advertising/interest in various gendered sports

We as humans have to focus on making inclusive environments where people

feel supported and arent benefitting from the failures of others.

What does everyone else think or want to see in the future?

Thank you