Signals and systems

EC321
Lecture 1,2

Dr. Safa Gasser

 Useful Information
Instructor: Dr. Safa Gasser
E-mail: safagasser@gmail.com
Teaching Assistants (TAs):
Eng. Mai Abdel Moniem
References:
Charles L. Philips, John Parr and Eve Riskin "Signals,
Systems and Transforms 4th Ed. 2008, Prentice Hall.
Text: Communication Systems , S. Haykin, 3rd and
4th Edition, John Wiley &Sons (2001).
Alan V. Oppenheim Signals and systems Prentice
Hall.
 Useful Information
Tentative Assessment System:
7th Week Assessment: week(3)
Lab (5)
Section Quiz (5)
Assigmnets (5)
Lecture (15)
12th Week Assessment:
Lecture(10)
Section Quiz (5)
Assignments (5)
Prefinal:
Lab Final(5)
Assignments (5)
Final (40)
Assignments and hand-ins shall be handed-in before deadline; late assignments
may be accepted (with strong reason) with a late penalty of 20%per delay day.
 How to Study?!
Always come Prepared by reviewing the
previous lecture, section and lab.
During Lecture Time what do I do??!!
APT (Attend, Pay attention and Take notes)
How About Exam??!!
You are not required to do anything but use
your brain!!!
 What is this course all about?
This course is an introductory course to
communication, thus we need to really
understand what does the word communication
mean?!
Communication is the activity of conveying
information, originally derived from a Latin word
Communis which means share
To be able to share 3 things should exist;
1. Sender (message) Form a
2. Media Communication
3. Receiver System
What is a Communication System?
Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we
come in contact with and use a variety of
communication systems.
Examples:
telephones, internet, television, radio,.....
The heart of any communication system consists
of three basic parts, namely:
1. Transmitter
2. Channel
3. Reciever
 What is a Communication System?

RF
Modulator RF
Receiver

Information source Output Signal

and input transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver and output transducer

Microphone Antenna Copper Wire Antenna Loud speaker

Video camera Modulator Fibre cable Demodulator Television

Free space

The information generated by the source can be in form of the following:

Form of voice (speech source).

A picture (image source).

Plain text in some particular language, such as English, Japanese, German, French, etc.
What is a Communication System?
What is a Transducer?
A transducer is usually required to convert the output of the
source into an electrical signal that is suitable for transmission.
Examples:
A microphone serves as the transducer, that converts an
acoustic speech signal into an electrical signal.

A video camera converts an image into an electrical signal.

At the destination, a similar transducer is required to convert

the electrical signal that are received into a form that is suitable
for the user; i.e. acoustic signal, image etc.
 What is a Communication System?
What is a Transmitter?
The transmitter converts the signal into a form that is suitable for transmission
through the physical channel or Transmission medium.
For example, in radio and TV broadcast, the Federal Communication
Commission (FCC) specifies the frequency range for each transmitting
station.
The transmitter must translate the information signal to be transmitted into
appropriate frequency range that matches the frequency allocation assigned to
the transmitter.
What is a Communication System?
In general, the transmitter performs the matching of the
message signal to the channel by a process called
modulation.
Usually, modulation involves the use of a strong carrier signal
(usually sinusoidal) to carry the information signal on its
amplitude, frequency or phase.
What is a Communication System?
What is the Channel?
The communication channel is the physical medium that is used to
send the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. In other
words it is what connects the transmitter and the receiver.
In wireless transmission the channel is the free space.
Telephone channels usually employ a variety of physical media,
including wire-lines, optical fibre cables, wireless (microwave
radio).
Whatever the physical medium of the signal transmission, the
essential feature is that the transmitted signal is corrupted in a
RANDOM manner by a variety of possible mechanism.
What is a Communication System?
What is a Receiver?
The fidelity of the received message signal is a function of the
following:

The type of modulation.

The strength of the additive noise.
The type and strength of any other additive interference.
The type of any non-additive interference.

Besides performing the primary function of signal demodulation, the

receiver also performs a number of peripheral functions, including
signal filtering and noise/interference suppression.
 The what is the Focus in this Course?
We are not touching the communication
system, in order to able to deal with any
communications system we need to master
first the signal!!! Then we are only treating the
signal and learning how to cope and deal with
it!! Then toward the end of the course we will
learn how to transmit the signal through a
very simple type of a system. This is the
reason behind the name of the course
signals and systems
 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
Course Contents
Topic to be Covered
Week 1:
Introduction to communication system and signal representation .
Signal Classification .
Week 2:
Even-odd signals and orthogonality signals.
Week 3:
Fourier series and line spectrum of periodic signals
Week 4:
Introduction to Fourier Transform
Week 5:
Properties of Fourier Transform
Week 6:
Properties of Fourier Transform
Week 7:
Exam
 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
Course Contents
Week 8:
Properties of Fourier Transform
Time and frequency convolution
Week 9:
Time and frequency convolution
Week 10:
F.T of periodic signals
Week 11:
Sampling theory
Week 12:
Exam
Week 13:
Spectral densities of power and energy signals
Correlation( Auto , Cross) of power and energy signals
Week 14:
Signal transmission through linear systems
Week15:
Hilbert transform and related modulation
 Signal Classification
What is a signal?
Signal is formally defined as a function of one or more
independent variable(such as time, position, frequency or
space) that conveys information on the nature of a physical
phenomenon.
Examples: Mathematically, signals are
Electrical signals. represented as a function of
Electromagnetic signals. f(t) one or more independent
variables
Optical signals.
Acoustic signals.
Mechanical /Motion signals.
Video signals.
Image signals t
How Can a Signal be Represented?
Signal

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Representation Representation

Why use frequency and time? When to use each?

 What are the Different Classes of
Signals?
1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals.
2. Analogue and digital signals.
3. Even and Odd signals
4. Periodic and non-periodic (aperiodic) signals
5. Energy and power signals
6. Deterministic and probabilistic or random
signals
7. Causal, Anticausal and Non-causal Signals
 Continuous and Discrete-Time Signals
A signal, x(t), is said to be a continuous-time (CT) signal if it is
defined for all time t. Figure 1 illustrates a continuous-time
signal in time domain.

Discrete-time (DT) signal is derived from a continuous-time

signal by sampling it at a uniform rate as shown in Figure 2.
x(t) x[n]

t n

Figure 1 Figure 2
Continuous and Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-time signal can be defined as:

x[n] x(nTs ) n 0,1,2,...

where Ts is the sampling period and n is an integer

that may assume to be positive and negative
values.
 Analogue and Digital Signal
Analogue signals
Amplitude of analog signal can take any real or complex value at each
time/sample

Digital signals
They consist of pulses or digits with discrete levels or values. The value
of each pulse is constant, but there is an abrupt change from one digit
to the next.

1
-1
 Even and Odd Signals
A continuous-time signal, x(t), is an even signal if

x( t ) x(t ) for all t

A signal is said to be an odd signal if

for all t
x(t ) x(t )

Even and odd signals are illustrated in Figure 3 x(t)

x(t)

t
t

Even signal Figure 3 Odd signal

 Even and Odd Signals
Even functions

x cos(t ) x t

Odd functions
xt
x sin( t )
 Even and Odd Signals
If f (t) is Even:
a a

f (t )dt
a
2 f (t )dt
0

a a

f (t )dt f (t )dt
0
a

-a a
 Even and Odd Signals
If f (t) is Odd:

f (t )dt
a
0

f (t )dt
a

-a a
 Even and Odd Signals
If f (t) is Even and g(t) is Odd then:

h(t) = f (t) x f (t) is even

(even x even = even)

h(t) = g(t) x g(t) is even

(odd x odd = even)

h(t) = f (t) x g(t) is odd

(even x odd = odd)
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
A periodic signal is a function of time that repeat itself every
certain period of time. It can be defined as:

x(t ) x(t T ) for all t

where T is a positive constant. If the condition is satisfied for T=T0, it will be also satisfied for
T=2T0, 3T0, 4T0,

The smallest value of T that satisfies previous equation is

called the fundamental period of x(t).
The fundamental frequency of the periodic signal, x(t), can be
written as:
1
f
T
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
x(t) x(t)

t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 t
T1

Periodic signal Non-periodic signal

The angular frequency, measured in radians per second is defined by:

2
2f
T
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Example of A simple periodic CT signal, is a sine wave,

Two signals
with the
same phase
and
frequency,
but
different
amplitudes
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Frequency and Period
Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.

Change in a short span of time means high frequency.

Change over a long span of time means low frequency.

If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero (example

Dc signal).

If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Two signals
with the
same
amplitude and
phase, but
different
frequencies

Frequency and period are the

inverse of each other.
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Units of Frequency and Period
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Example
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in
kilohertz?
Solution

First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we calculate the

frequency from the period (1 Hz = 103 kHz).
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
What does the Phase represent?
Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.

Three sine
waves with
the same
amplitude
and
frequency,
but
different
phases
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Example
A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its
phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360. Therefore, 1/6 cycle is
 Energy and Power Signals
A signal is an energy signal if, and only if, it has nonzero but finite
energy for all time:

E


x 2 (t ) dt 0 E
A signal is a power signal if, and only if, it has finite but nonzero power
for all time:
T /2

1
P
T T /2
x 2 (t ) dt 0 P
General rule: Periodic signals are power signals, while signals that are non-
periodic are energy signals.
 Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic signal is a signal which there is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.

Random signal is a signal which there is uncertainty before it

occurs.
 Causal, Anticausal and non-causal
Causal signals are signals that are zero for all negative time,
while anticausal are signals that are zero for all positive time.

Causal Signal Anticausal Signal

Noncausal signals are signals that have nonzero values in

both positive and negative time

Noncausal Signal