1.

Various types of Water

Demand
2. Factors affecting Per
Capita Demand
3. Variations in demand and
* its effects on design of
components of water
supply scheme.
4. Sources of Intakes for
collection of water
5. Water Borne Diseases.
*
Various Types
Quantities for planning water supply scheme :
Total annual volume (total yearly water demand)
(V) in litres or million litres.
Annual average rate of draft ( flow) in l / day
(V /365)
Annual average rate of draft in l per day per
person ( litres per capita per day or lpcd ),
called per capita demand (q).
Annual rate of draft in litres per day per service
(V/365) x (1/ no. of services)
Fluctuations in flows in terms of percentage ratios of maximum or
minimum yearly , monthly daily or hourly rates to their
corresponding average values.
1. Domestic water demand
2. Industrial water demand
3. Institution and commercial water
demand
4. Demand for public use
5. Fire Demand
6. Water required to compensate losses in
wastes and thefts.
 Qty of water required for domestic use in private buildings.
Drinking , cooking , bathing , sanitary purposes , gardening
etc
Amount per person living conditions of the consumers.
IS minimum domestic consumption for town/city with full
flushing system 200 l/h/d
Economically weaker section 135 l/h/d

Developed country , = 340 l/h/d( more water consumption like air

conditioning)
 Total domestic water consumption = 50 to
60% of total water consumption.
Total domestic water demand = total
design population X per capita
domestic consumption.
 Water Demand for industries for existing
or likely to be started in future
It will vary with the number & type of
industries present in the city.
Ordinary per capita consumption = 5o
l/person/day. For small industries , without
considering to larger industries.
Some industries their own water supplies
Some industries public water supply.
Industrial city 450 l/h/day
 Water requirement of institutions like hospitals ,
hotels , restaurants , schools and colleges,
railway stations , etc..
It depend on the nature of city , no & type of
commercial establishments and institutions
present.
Average 20 l /h /day
Commercialized cities 50 l/h/day
 Qty of water required for public utility
purposes , such as watering of public parks ,
gardening , washing , use in public foundations
etc..
Normal addition of 5% of total consumption.
 Fire fighting personnel require sufficient quantity of water, so as to
throw it over the fire at high speeds.
Qty of water required should be easily available and stored in
storage reservoirs.
Water mains fire hydrants kept at 100 to 150 mm apart & fire
fighting pumps are connected into them by personnel as soon as
the fire breaks out.
Minimum water pressure at fire hydrant 100 to 150kN/m2 or 10
to 15 m of water
Three jet streams from fire hydrant.
Total amount of water required = 1 l/h/d
It is ignored in total per capita water requirement
 Public water supply scheme : rate of fire demand is
treated as a function of population.
Empirical formula:
1. Kuichling formula
2. Freeman Formula
3. National board of Fire Under Writers formulas
4. Bustons Formula
Drawback of formula : type of district served is not
considered
The probability of occurrence of fire depends on the
type of city served.
Fire fighting for Jabalpur city of India
 Water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing, stolen
water due to unauthorized water connections and
wastes.
It can be reduced by careful maintenance
Amount added 15 % of total consumption.
Per Capita Demand
Factors
Effect of variations in demand
THE PER CAPITA DEMAND
Per Capita Demand
Annual average amount of daily water required by
one person & includes domestic use , industrial and
commercial use , public use , etc..
q ( l/h/d) = Total yearly requirement of the city
(l)(V) / (365 x Design Population)
Per Capita Demand vary as per the living conditions
of the consumers & type of existing & future
industries in that region.
335 l x Design population x 365 = Volume of yearly
requirement in litres.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

1. Size of the city

Big cities : more quantity of water for clean
and healthy environments.

More industries more water

Small cities less quantity of water , but if it

consists of more industries ( more amount of
water)
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

2. Climatic conditions
Hotter & Dry places : consumption of water
is more.

Extremely cold countries , people may keep

the taps open to avoid freezing of pipes ,
more leakage from pipe joints.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

3. Habits of People
Rich & Upper class communities : more
water due to living standards.

Middle class : average amount

Amount of water consumption : dependent

on the economic status of consumers.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

4. Industrial and commercial activites

More industries in big cities : more water

Not at all dependent on population of the

city.

Properly planned city : water requirement

can be more predicted by estimating the
industrial & commercial demands
separately.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

4. Quality of Water Supplies

If quality is good : more water will be consumed.
Industries : depend on water supply system
5. Pressure in the distribution system
If pressure in the distribution system is high : water
can be pumped into upper floors.
Losses & wastes due to leakage is also increased.
If pressure 20 to 30m of water : losses go up by 20 to
30% of water.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

6. Development of sewerage facilities :

Water consumption will be more
7. System of supply
Water may be supplied continuously for 24
hrs or supplied for peak periods during
morning & evening.
Intermittent supply system : lead to savings
in water but may not always:
Water is stored by consumers in tanks for non-supply
periods , It can be thrown away even if unutilised
Tendency to keep the taps open during non-supply hours,
water goes on flowing unattended even after the supply is
restored.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

9. Cost of water
If water rates are high , less quantity may be
consumed by the people.
This policy produce little effect on rich people.

10. Policy of Metering and Method of Charging

On the basis of meter reading
On the basis of certain fixed monthly flat
rate.(unmetered and the charges are fixed)
FACTORS AFFECTING LOSSES AND WASTES
OF WATER

1. Water tight joints : joints may leak

2. Pressure in the distribution system

3. System of supply

4. Metering

5. Unauthorised connections.
VARIATIONS IN DEMAND AND ITS EFFECTS ON
DESIGN OF COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY
SCHEME

Variations in demand :
Seasonal variation :
Water Consumption : Winter , Summer, Rainy season
Daily Variations
Household & industrial activity.
Water consumption more holidays

Hourly variations:
Assessment of normal variations : to design supply
pipes , service reservoirs , distributary pipes etc..
ASSESSMENT OF NORMAL
VARIATION
Daily or hourly , monthly : ratio of their means
Maximum Daily Consumption
Maximum Hourly Consumption
Peak Demand
Goodrich Formula

Coincident Draft : It is extremely improbable that a

fire may break out when water is being drawn by the
consumers at maximum hourly draft.
Total draft is not the sum of maximum hourly demand +
fire demand
Greater of : It is the sum of maximum daily demand and
fire demand or maximum hourly demand
Coincident draft = maximum daily demand + fire draft
DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

1. Sources of supply (wells )

Designed for maximum daily consumption or average
daily consumption.
2. Pipe Main( From source to service
reservoir)
Designed for maximum daily consumption.
3. Filter and other units
Designed for maximum daily consumption. + reserve
2 x average daily

4. Pumps for lifting water

Maximum Daily draft + additional reserve for break-downs & repairs
Or twice the average daily instead of 1.8 times average daily.
If pumps are not operated for 24 hrs ,
design draft x (24 / No. of hours in the day for which the pumps are
running)
DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

5. Distribution System (including the pipes

carrying water from service reservoir to
distribution system)
Designed for maximum hourly draft of the maximum
day or coincident draft with fire , whichever is more )
6. Service Reservoir
Designed to take care of the hourly fluctuations , fire
demands. Emergency reserve

Exercises based on design of components

1. Simply Submerged Intakes
2. Wet & Dry Intake Tower
3. River Intake Structure
4. Canal Intake
5. Reservior Intake
Sources of Intake for collecting
surface water
Intake structure : function
To help in safely withdrawing water from the source over
a predetermined range of pool levels and then to
discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit
through which it flows up to the water treatment plant.
Intake structure simple concrete block to huge
concrete towers
Sources of Intake for collecting
surface water
Factors governing Location of Intake
Site near to the treatment plant : cost of conveying water to
the city less
Located in the purer zone of the source : good quality of water
Not located at the downstream or vicinity of point of disposal
of waste water.
Not located near the navigation channels : to avoid the
pollution due to waste from ships & boats.
Sufficient scope for future additions & expansions.
Located from where it can draw the water during the driest
period of the year.
Sources of Intake for collecting
surface water
Factors governing Location of Intake
Site should remain easily accessible during floods and
should not get flooded.
Meandering rivers, intakes should not be located on
curves : if required location can be done on concave
banks and not on convex banks.
Types of Intakes
1. Simple Submerged Intakes
It consists of simple concrete block or rock filled timber
crib supporting the start end of the withdrawal pipe
The other end of the pipe : sump well & lifted by pumps.
Intake opening is covered by screen : to prevent entry of
debris
In lakes , due to the settling of silt , opening is at 2 to 2.5m
above the bottom
Cheap & used for small water supply projects
They cannot be used on rivers & reservoirs : not easily
accessible for cleaning & repairing etc
Refer the diagram
Types of Intakes
1. Simple Submerged Intakes
Types of Intakes
2. Intake Towers
Used on large projects on rivers /reservoirs where
there are large fluctuations of water level
Gate controlled openings : ports are provided
To regulate flow through the towers & permit the
selection of the quality of water to be withdrawn.
Access to the tower foot bridges
If the entry ports are all submerged , there is no
problem of any clogging .
Level of lowest port : no sediment will enter into
them.
Types of Intakes
Wet Intake Towers :
Concrete circular shell filled with water upto the
reservoir level& vertical shaft connected to the
withdrawal pipe.
Withdrawal pipe : either to the treatment plant if no lift
or to the sump well
Openings are made : in the outer concrete shell & into
the inside shaft
Gates are placed in the shaft to control the flow of water
into the shaft & withdrawal pipe.
Types of Intakes
Wet Intake tower
Water enters from entry port
into the tower & enters into
the conduit pipe through gate
controlled openings.
It will have water if the gates
are closed.
Dry Intake tower
Water is directly drawn into the
conduit through the gated entry
ports.
It will not have water inside the
tower if its gates are closed.
No water : additional buoyant
forces , heavier construction
than the wet intake towers.
To withdraw the water from any
selected level of the reservoir by
opening the port at that level.
Types of Intakes
Types of Intakes
Medium Sized River Intake Structures
Used for withdrawing water from all rivers
Twin Well type of intake structure
Single well type of intake structure
Twin well type : consists of inlet well , inlet pipe, jack well
Inlet well / collector well : located in river bed , away from
the river bank, always surrounded with water.
Concrete or masonry , footbridge accessibility

River water enters into the well through ports & fitted
with screens., iron bars of 20mm dia placed vertically
@ 30 to 50mm clear velocity.
Flow velocity 15 to 20 cm/s

Ports are provided at different levels ; low , upper (flood)

Types of Intakes
Twin well type :
Inlet well is connected to sump well by RCC pipe.
Intake pipe is laid with a gentle slope of 1 in 200 or so
The diameter of intake pipe depends on discharge capacity<45
cm
Flow velocity < 1.2 m/s
Pipe will be designed as gravity main
Water from sump well is lifted by pumps
Jack well/sump well placed on soil SBC >450 kN/m2
Diameter of jack well 4 to 5 m
Types of Intakes
Canal Intake
Intake well is located in the bank of the canal.
Water enters the chamber through an inlet pipe covered
with a fine screen.
Water coming out of the chamber through the outlet
conduit may be taken to the sump well.
The entry of water coarse screen , the top of which is at
minimum water level in the canal, bottom at 0.15m above
the canal bed to avoid entry of bed load.
Withdrawal conduit : inlet end is bell mouth shape with
fine screen.
An outlet valve which operates from top is provided to
control the entry of water into the outlet pipe.
The flow velocity through outlet conduit is kept at
1.5m/sec.
Canal Intake
Area of coarse screen flow velocity 0.15 m/sec.
The flow velocity through bell mouth : 0.3 m/sec.
Intakes for Sluice ways of Dams
If reservoir is developed by constructing a dam, it is a
practice to fetch water through the sluiceways from
inside the dam.
Water from this is used for water supplies.
For earthen dam, the intake for withdrawing water
into the sluiceway of the dam, is located near the
upstream toe of the dam
For masonry dam, intake well is located inside the
dam.
Intakes for Sluice ways of Dams
The intake conduits are installed at different levels,
water enters into a common conduit or well which
conveys the water to the sluiceway tunnel passing
through the body of the dam.
The intake conduits are provided with valves which
may be closed or open by operation from control
room.
Arrangement similar to dry intake tower , surrounded
by water & stands in river , but it fed through the
conduits and is standing in the dam or very near the
dam.
Intakes for Sluice ways of Dams
Water Borne Diseases and control
1. Diseases bacterial infections
Typhoid fever , cholera

2. Diseases viral infections
Jaundice , Poliomyelitis
3. Diseases protozoal infections
Amoebic dysentry