Per Capita Demand

Factors
Effect of variations in demand
THE PER CAPITA DEMAND
Per Capita Demand
Annual average amount of daily water required by
one person & includes domestic use , industrial and
commercial use , public use , etc..
q ( l/h/d) = Total yearly requirement of the city
(l)(V) / (365 x Design Population)
Per Capita Demand vary as per the living conditions
of the consumers & type of existing & future
industries in that region.
335 l x Design population x 365 = Volume of yearly
requirement in litres.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

1. Size of the city

Big cities : more quantity of water for clean
and healthy environments.

More industries more water

Small cities less quantity of water , but if it

consists of more industries ( more amount of
water)
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

2. Climatic conditions
Hotter & Dry places : consumption of water
is more.

Extremely cold countries , people may keep

the taps open to avoid freezing of pipes ,
more leakage from pipe joints.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

3. Habits of People
Rich & Upper class communities : more
water due to living standards.

Middle class : average amount

Amount of water consumption : dependent

on the economic status of consumers.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

4. Industrial and commercial activites

More industries in big cities : more water

Not at all dependent on population of the

city.

Properly planned city : water requirement

can be more predicted by estimating the
industrial & commercial demands
separately.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

4. Quality of Water Supplies

If quality is good : more water will be consumed.
Industries : depend on water supply system
5. Pressure in the distribution system
If pressure in the distribution system is high : water
can be pumped into upper floors.
Losses & wastes due to leakage is also increased.
If pressure 20 to 30m of water : losses go up by 20 to
30% of water.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

6. Development of sewerage facilities :

Water consumption will be more
7. System of supply
Water may be supplied continuously for 24
hrs or supplied for peak periods during
morning & evening.
Intermittent supply system : lead to savings
in water but may not always:
Water is stored by consumers in tanks for non-supply
periods , It can be thrown away even if unutilised
Tendency to keep the taps open during non-supply hours,
water goes on flowing unattended even after the supply is
restored.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

9. Cost of water
If water rates are high , less quantity may be
consumed by the people.
This policy produce little effect on rich people.

10. Policy of Metering and Method of Charging

On the basis of meter reading
On the basis of certain fixed monthly flat
rate.(unmetered and the charges are fixed)
FACTORS AFFECTING LOSSES AND WASTES
OF WATER

1. Water tight joints : joints may leak

2. Pressure in the distribution system

3. System of supply

4. Metering

5. Unauthorised connections.
VARIATIONS IN DEMAND AND ITS EFFECTS ON
DESIGN OF COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY
SCHEME

Variations in demand :
Seasonal variation :
Water Consumption : Winter , Summer, Rainy season
Daily Variations
Household & industrial activity.
Water consumption more holidays

Hourly variations:
Assessment of normal variations : to design supply
pipes , service reservoirs , distributary pipes etc..
ASSESSMENT OF NORMAL
VARIATION
Daily or hourly , monthly : ratio of their means
Maximum Daily Consumption
Maximum Hourly Consumption
Peak Demand
Goodrich Formula

Coincident Draft : It is extremely improbable that a

fire may break out when water is being drawn by the
consumers at maximum hourly draft.
Total draft is not the sum of maximum hourly demand +
fire demand
Greater of : It is the sum of maximum daily demand and
fire demand or maximum hourly demand
Coincident draft = maximum daily demand + fire draft
DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

1. Sources of supply (wells )

Designed for maximum daily consumption or average
daily consumption.
2. Pipe Main( From source to service
reservoir)
Designed for maximum daily consumption.
3. Filter and other units
Designed for maximum daily consumption. + reserve
2 x average daily

4. Pumps for lifting water

Maximum Daily draft + additional reserve for break-downs & repairs
Or twice the average daily instead of 1.8 times average daily.
If pumps are not operated for 24 hrs ,
design draft x (24 / No. of hours in the day for which the pumps are
running)
DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

5. Distribution System (including the pipes

carrying water from service reservoir to
distribution system)
Designed for maximum hourly draft of the maximum
day or coincident draft with fire , whichever is more )
6. Service Reservoir
Designed to take care of the hourly fluctuations , fire
demands. Emergency reserve