Lec.

Surfaces
03/03/2014

Mechanical Concept
Material Surface
True or real surfaces
Nominal surfaces
Observed surfaces
Surface being processed
Surface processed
Physico chemical concept
Interphase surface- a physical surface
Surface Energy
Hall-Petch Relation/ Inverse
 Surface being processed

Surfaces for
Case hardening?

Electrolytic & Electroless deposition?

Thermal Spray Coatings?

 Processed Surface
What we look for in processed surfaces?

Characterization techniques?
Appropriateness of the processing techniques
adopted?
Applications?
Inter-phase surface- a physical surface
Interface/ Inter-phase/boundary surface

Phase B (Gas)

Phase C (Interface boundary- Surface)

Phase A (e.g. Metal)

In physical sense, surface is a material, three dimensional object,

although the 3rd dimension, thickness is very small
Thin films/ thermal spray coatings etc.
 Surface Energy

The sum of all the excess energies of the surface atoms is the
surface energy

The shape of a crystal

Ostwald ripening

Criterion at equilibrium:
System tends to reduce its free energy as it is reaching the equilibrium
state. In some cases, this stable state can be achieved by the reduction
of the surface energy of system.
E.g. a. Smaller drops aggregate into larger ones.
b. Sintering of small metal or ceramic particles under high
temperature.
 Hall-Petch Relation/ Inverse

Dislocation generation and annihilation