Lec.

4
05/03/2014
Surfaces
Mechanical Concept
Material Surface
True or real surfaces
Nominal surfaces
Observed surfaces
Surface being processed
Surface processed
Physico chemical concept
Interphase surface- a physical surface
Surface Energy
Hall-Petch Relation/ Inverse
 Processed Surface
What we look for in processed surfaces?

Characterization techniques?

Appropriateness of the processing techniques

adopted?

Applications?
 Processed Surfaces
Why are we interested in such surfaces?
Hardness,
corrosion resistance,
radiation resistances,
thermal barrier coatings,
wear resistant coatings
Decoration
Examples of such surfaces
Heat treated surfaces
Machined surfaces
Thermal Spray coated surfaces
 Processed Surfaces
Characterization techniques
XRD-Phases,
SEM-Microstructure/Porosity,
EDX-Chemical composition
OM-Porosity/coatings density,
What kind of characterization- when needed?
Inter-phase surface- a physical surface
Interface/ Inter-phase/boundary surface

Phase B (Gas)

Phase C (Interface boundary- Surface)

Phase A (e.g. Metal)

In physical sense, surface is a material, three dimensional object,

although the 3rd dimension, thickness is very small
Thin films/ thermal spray coatings etc.
 Surface Energy

The sum of all the excess energies of the surface atoms is the
surface energy

The shape of a crystal

Ostwald ripening

Criterion at equilibrium:
System tends to reduce its free energy as it is reaching the equilibrium
state. In some cases, this stable state can be achieved by the reduction
of the surface energy of system.
E.g. a. Smaller drops aggregate into larger ones.
b. Sintering of small metal or ceramic particles under high
temperature.
Surface Energy at Critical Temperature
and Pressure
Example Iron -Iron Carbide Equilibrium
Diagram
Critical temp.
 Hall-Petch Relation/ Inverse

Dislocation generation and annihilation