ES050 Introductory Engineering

Design and Innovation Studio

Engineering
Graphics V

Prof. Jon Southen

October 20, 2008

ES050 Introductory Engineering
Design and Innovation Studio

Tolerancing
Tolerances
Variations exist in all manufactured parts
Tolerances specify minimum and maximum
allowable value of a dimension
Especially important for systems of with mating
parts - if tolerances are exceeded, parts may not
fit together
Tolerancing
Allowable variations or tolerances must be
specified by the designer, with two
objectives:
ensure fit and function
minimize manufacturing cost
Tolerancing
Tolerances can drive the manufacturing process
e.g. a shaft must turn in a hole in a bearing
hole .7500 to .7512, shaft .7484 to .7492

function drives tolerance which then drives machining

process used
OR
The manufacturing process can drive the
tolerance
What if drill press is only tool available to make the
hole, and it can only deliver .748 to .754?
Tolerances of Different
Manufacturing Processes
Tolerance Specific Parts
If a part is dimensioned 4.650 0.003, it
means that the part is acceptable within
the range 4.653 and 4.647
The upper and lower limits are called limit
dimensions (4.653 and 4.647)
The tolerance is the difference between
the limit dimensions ( 4.653 4.647 =
0.006)
Tolerance Specific Parts
Plus and minus
tolerance
e.g. 4.650 0.003
(bilateral tolerance)
0
e.g. 4.650 0.002
(unilateral tolerance)
Limit tolerance
Maximum and minimum
sizes are specified directly
e.g.
4.653 4.650
4.647 4.648
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T)
GD&T symbols specify additional
tolerancing information for 3D geometry
Used in addition to standard +/-
dimensioning
Used properly, GD&T can allow looser
tolerances to minimize manufacturing cost
GD&T
symbols
Example
ES050 Introductory Engineering
Design and Innovation Studio

Working Drawings
Outline
Definition of working
drawings
Some basics
Standard sheet size
Dimensioning standards
Drawing scale
Projection angle
Title blocks
Detail drawings
Assembly drawings
Examples
Elements of Engineered
Products
Engineered products contain many parts:
Non-standard parts that must be made
Standard parts that can be ordered from
catalogues
fasteners
bearings
gears
etc.
Working Drawings
Working drawings are the complete set of
standardised drawings specifying the
manufacture and assembly of a product
based on its design.
Some Basics
Drawings use standard sheet sizes
Specified dimensioning standards are
used
Drawings are to a specified scale
Specified projection angle is used
First-angle (Europe) or third-angle (North
America)
 Metric (mm) U.S.
ANSI Standard
Standard A4 210 x 297 A-Size 8.5 x 11
A3 297 x 420 B-Size 11 x 17
Sheet
A2 420 x 594 C-Size 17 x 22
Sizes A1 594 x 841 D-Size 22 x 34
A0 841 x 1189 E-Size 34 x 44
Dimensioning Standards
Specify appearance of arrowheads,
dimension lines, text alignment, etc.
ANSI North America
ISO Europe
DIN Germany
JIS Japan
Etc.
Metric Scale
Each view on a 1:1 Full size
drawing has an
1:2 Half size
associated scale
Unless otherwise 1:5 Fifth size
specified, the 1:10 Tenth size
drawing scale is
used 1:20 Twentieth
size
1:50 Fiftieth size
Title Blocks
Drawing title blocks typically contain the following:
Name and address of company
Title of drawing
Drawing number
Names and dates of drafter, checker, etc.
Design approvals
Predominant drawing scale
Drawing sheet size
Weight of item
Projection angle
Sheet number (if multiple sheets used)
Title Block
Part and Drawing Numbers
Every part is assigned a unique part
number for record keeping
This allows the same part to be used in
different products
Every drawing is also assigned a unique
number, also for record keeping
Other Required Information
Revision block
records
revisions to drawing
CAD packages create these automatically

Tolerance specifications
assumed tolerances for all dimensions, unless
otherwise specified on the drawing
Requirements for Working
Drawings
Completely describe the parts
Show the parts in an assembly
Identify all the parts
Specify standard parts
Elements of Working Drawings
A set of working drawings typically includes:
Detail drawings of each nonstandard part
Assembly drawings showing all the
standard and nonstandard parts in a single
drawing
Detail Drawings
Dimensioned, multi-view drawing of a
single part
All information required for manufacture,
including
Dimensions and tolerances
Material
Surface finish
Etc.
Dimensioned Detail Drawing
Example Detail Drawing
http://www.tpub.com/content/draftsman/14040/img/14040_47_1.jpg
Assembly Drawings
Assembly drawings show all the parts and
how they go together
Dimensioning is not usually required
Hidden lines usually omitted
3D CAD packages can generate assembly
drawings directly from assembly models
Elements of an Assembly
Drawing
All parts shown in one drawing
assembled view
sectioned assembly
exploded assembly
Parts list or bill of materials (BOM)
part ID, quantity, description, catalog number, etc.
Balloons
each part is identified by a numbered balloon, and
referenced to the parts list
Machining and assembly instructions
Assembly Drawing
Exploded Assembly Drawing
Sectioned assembly

http://www.jatsgreenpower.com/Uwtech3.gif
Example
Example
 Example
MicroLux Drill Press
#81631 Assembly
Drawing

http://www.micromark.com/html_pages/instructions/81631i/81631g.gif
 Example
Harley
Sportster
Transmission

http://www.nightrider.com/biketech/images/xl_cam_assembly.gif
Example: Geared Locomotive
(1896)
Examples from Westerns Formula
SAE Team

SolidWorks rendering of 2005 car

Formula SAE Shock Absorber