MK 113472

Dr. Ir. Dyah Rini R, MT

PEROLEHAN MINYAK
TAHAP LANJUT (EOR)
Lecture Evaluation

Attending = 10 %
Home Works = 10 %
Mid Test (UTS) = 40 %
Final Test (UAS) = 40 %

DK - 2 -
Lecture Contents
Introduction
Reservoir Engineering Aspects in IOR and EOR
Immiscible Flooding (Waterflooding)
Miscible Flooding
Chemical Flooding
Thermal Injection
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
Guidelines for Selecting IOR and EOR Methods
Design and Implementation of EOR Method

DK - 3 -
References
- Latil M, Bardon C, Burger J, Soureau P., Enhanced Oil
Recovery, Graham Trotman Ltd, London, 1980.
- Amyx, J.W.Bass, D.M.,Jr., Whitting,R.L, Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering Physical Properties, Mc.Graw Hill Book Co.Inc., New
York, 1960.
- Gomma.E.Ezzat. DR., Key Reservoir Parameter in Enhanced Oil
Recovery Processes, Simposiun Nasional, 2005.
- Van Poolen,H.K., Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery,
Penn Well Books Division of Publishing Company, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, 1980.
- Willhite., Water Flooding, SPE Reprint Series, 2003.
- Stalkup., Miscible Displacement, SPE Monograph Series.
- Prats., Thermal Recovery, SPE Monograph Series.
- Siregar, S., dan Kristanto, D., Diktat Kuliah Pengenalan EOR,
UPN Veteran, Yogyakarta, 2005.

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 Dr. Ir. Dyah Rini R, MT

INTRODUCTION
 HOW IF THE OIL PRODUCTION FROM
THE WELL OR FIELD WAS DECREASES ?
OIL RECOVERY PHASES
NATURAL FLOW
PRIMARY RECOVERY ARTIFICIAL LIFT

WATER DEPLETION GAS CAP GRAVITY COMBI-

DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE NATION PUMP GAS LIFT
DRIVE

SECONDARY TERTIARY
RECOVERY RECOVERY

WATER IMMISCIBLE MISCIBLE CHEMICAL THERMAL MICROBIAL

FLOODING GAS FLOOD GAS FLOOD FLOODING INJECTION EOR

-CO2 FLOOD - ALKALINE - HOT WATER

- N2 FLOOD - SURFACTANT - STEAM FLOOD
PRESSURE FLOODING - INERT GAS - POLYMER - INSITU COMBUSTION
MAINTENANCE - RICH GAS - MICELLAR POLYMER
- ASP

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Natural or Primary Recovery

Solution gas drive

Gas cap drive

Water drive Gas

Oil
Gravity drainage
Water
Combination drive

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Secondary Recovery

Waterfloods and Immiscible gas

floods

No compositional or
temperature changes take place
in the reservoir except pressure Injector
and displacement

Suitable for light oil, low

viscosity oil and low pressure
reservoirs Producer

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Enhanced Oil Recovery

Cause physical, chemical,

compositional and thermal
changes in the reservoir rock
and fluids

Improve recovery beyond

Injector
secondary level

Appropriate selection and

design are important
Producer

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Typical Recovery Factors
Natural or Primary Methods
Heavy oil 5 - 15 %
Light oil: solution gas drive 10 - 25%
water drive, gas cap 20 - 40%
gravity drainage 30 - 45%

Secondary Methods
Waterflood 20 - 45 %
Immiscible Gas flood 15 - 40 %

Tertiary or EOR Methods

Laboratory tests 70 - 90 %
Field applications 45 - 75 %
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Incremental Recovery Factor

Incremental
Secondary
Qo, Recovery Incremental
BOPD Tertiary /
EOR
Extrapolated
primary
Extrapolated
secondary

Primary phase Secondary phase EOR phase

Time or Cum. Production

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Optimum Recovery Mechanisms in Oil Exploitation

Residual Oil Saturation, Sor

Method : EOR
Tertiary RF
(steam flooding,
Surfactant, Polymer, Tertiary Recovery +/- 70%

Mobile oil
CO2, MEOR)

IOIP
Method : Water Secondary RF
flood, immiscible Secondary Recovery +/- 40%
gas injection

Method : (Infill Primary RF +/-

drilling, artificial lift
(gas lift, ESP etc.)
Primary Recovery 20 - 30%

Irreducible Water Saturation, Swc

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)

EOR methods involve injection of substances

which cause changes in compositions,
temperature and rock-fluid interactions in the
reservoir.
Aim at increasing the oil recovery over its primary
and secondary potential.
Sometimes called Tertiary Recovery Methods. This
does not mean that EOR Methods have to be
applied after Secondary Recovery.
In some cases, EOR Methods could be applied
after Primary or even at discovery.

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IOR AND EOR MECHANISMS

Waterflood Thermal Chemical Miscible Gas

Maintains reservoir Reduces S orw by steam Reduces S orw by Reduces S orw by

pressure & physically distillation and reduces lowering water-oil developing miscibility
displaces oil with oil viscosity. interfacial tension, and with the oil through a
water moving through increases volumetric vaporizing or condensing
the reservoir from sweep efficiency by gas drive process.
injector to producer. reducing the water-oil
mobility ratio.

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 Production Optimization
Improved Oil Recovery (Waterflood)

Injection Water Separation and Production Well

Well Injection Storage Facilities
Pump

2 1

1 Oil Zone 2 Injection Water

Sumber:
CPI Presentation
 Production Optimization
Enhanced Oil Recovery (Chemical Flooding)

Injection

Sumber:
CPI Presentation
FACTOR AFFECTING EOR

Reservoir Depth.
Reservoir Heterogeneity.
Remaining Reserves (RR).
Rock Properties.
Fluid Properties.
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms.
Cost. CO2
Injection
Injection
Well
Water
Injection
Separation and
Storage Facilities
Production Well
From Pump
Pipeline
or Recycle

4 3 2 1

1 Waterflood Sor 2 Oil Bank/Miscible 3 CO2 and Water 4 Drive DK - 18 -

Front Zone Water
SCREENING CRITERIA FOR IOR/EOR

N.C. = Not Critical

*Transmissibility >20 md ft/cp
**Transmissibility > 100 md ft/cp DK - 19 -
IOR AND EOR MAIN OBJECTIVES
Goal of IOR and EOR processes is to mobilize
remaining oil reserves
Achieved by enhancing oil displacement and
volumetric sweep efficiencies
- Oil displacement efficiency is improved by reducing oil
viscosity (e.g., thermal floods) or by reducing capillary
forces or interfacial tension (e.g., miscible floods)
- Volumetric sweep efficiency is improved by developing
more favorable mobility ratio between injectant and
remaining oil reserves (e.g., chemical floods, WAG
processes)
Important to identify remaining oil reserves and
mechanisms necessary to improve recovery before
implementing IOR and EOR DK - 20 -
 EOR IMPLEMENTATION STEPS
RESERVOIR

GEOLOGY RESERVOIR PRODUCTION

DATA DATA DATA

Type of Rock
Migration Direction Rock Properties Fluid Properties Reservoir Condition Reservoir Oil Cut
Bulk Volume (Vb) Drive Water Cut
Mechanism Remaining
Reserve
Porosity Oil Properties Res. Pressure
Permeability Water Properties Res. Temperature
Saturation
Wettability
Capillary Pressure

Screening Criteria

Selecting EOR Methods

Laboratory Study
Evaluation
Simulation Study
Monitoring and Full Scale
Pilot Project Evaluation DK - 21 -
INDONESIA IOR/EOR FIELDS

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