Open System Control Volumes

Part II: Momentum Conservation

Prof. Sidebotham
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
 Ex. My Buckets Got a Hole In it
Cross-section shown of straight bucket
with inner diameter D, height H0.
Bucket has a lid with a vent hole
(diameter di)
Bucket has an exit hole (diameter de) a
di height He above bottom.
Bucket is initially filled with water and
allowed to drain. The depth of water vs
time, H(t) is considered to be measured.
Goal of Analysis is to determine the
volumetric flow rate of water as a
function of depth above hole (H(t) - He).
H0
H(t) de

He

D
Several Control Volumes Possible
CVI: Bucket/Air/Water
CVI includes the air and water
inside the bucket, plus the
bucket itself
It is a FIXED volume.
Fluid crosses the boundary at 2
locations (air in and water out).
Reaction forces on the ground
prevent motion.
 Consider 2 snapshots

H H+DH

@t @ t+Dt
 i CV @ t
Mom @ t MV
Bucket is stationary, but there is fluid
motion inside, which has momentum.
Hard to analyze, but its there.
at time t, there is a
slug of air (mass mi)
that is going to enter
the control volume
during time Dt. It also
has momentum.
CV @ t miVi
Fluid that WILL enter has momentum.
Note that the velocity for the mass is the
velocity RELATIVE TO CV, but its
momentum is RELATIVE TO INERTIAL REF.
FRAME (important for moving CVs)
 CV @ t+Dt
at time t+Dt, there is a
slug of water (mass
me) that exited the
control volume during
time Dt. It also carries
e momentum with it.

Mom @ t Dt MV CV @ t Dt meVe
The fluid moving inside has momentum Again, the mass flux is relative to CV, but
that might be slightly different than it was momentum depends on INERTIAL REF.
previously. FRAME
 Momentum Conservation
at time t+Dt, the
at time t, the slug
i Li of mass that will
slug of mass that
entered is a part
exit is a part of
of the CV.
the CV
i
M CV @ t M CV @ t Dt Li
H H+DH
e e

@t @ t+Dt
D MV F Dt


M CV @ t DtVcm @ t Dt meVe M CV @ tVcm @ t miVi F Dt

MVCV @ t Dt MVCV @ t DMV CV miVi meVe F Dt


Focus on Inlet
Ai d i2
4
Li Vi , N Dt
Vi Li Ai

miVi iVi , N DtAi Vi
mi Li

Vi,n Relative to CV

Average speed NORMAL TO Control Surface

mi
m iVi Vi iVi , N Ai Vi
Relative to CV

(Flow could have an oblique velocity

component parallel to CS, and the control Dt
volume could be moving).

Relative to
INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAME
 Nomenclature Alert
dmi A DOT over a variable means it is
m i a FLUX, not a time derivative.
dt dTHING/dt means that the thing
is changing with time.
mdot can be time invariant (and
often is).
AV i V dTHING/dt = 0 means steady-
state.

Q is often used, which drives

me crazy (being a Thermo guy)
I prefer using (AV), even tho
many find that awkward.
 Focus on Exit
Le

Le Ve, N Dt
e Ve,n
me e Le Ai eVe, N DtAe

Average speed NORMAL TO Control Surface

(Flow could have an oblique velocity
me
m e eVe, N Ae
component parallel to CS).

Dt
me
m eVe Ve eVe, N Ae Ve
Dt
 Forces Acting on CV:
Surface and Body Forces

FCV dFs gdV
CS CV

Surface forces include:

Pressure forces everywhere
on the CS that crosses fluid.
Normal to area
Shear forces everywhere on
the CS that crosses fluid.
Tangential to Area. (Usually
negligible)
Reaction forces where CS
crosses solid surfaces.
 Putting the Ingredients into the Soup



D MV
CV
m iVi m eVe Mg RRx PdA FluidShear
Dt CS
 Generalize:


t VdV V Vrel dA dFs dFB
CS CS CV

Outward Area Vector

d MV
CV
m V m V Mg RRx PdA FluidShear
dt inlets outlets CS
 Solve for Reaction Forces:



D MV
CV
m iVi m eVe Mg RRx PdA FluidShear
Dt CS

D MV
Quasi-Steady Approximation:
There is momentum within
0 CV
stationary CV, but assume it
Dt CHANGES SLOWLY with time. Could
be estimated after the fact.


m iVi airVair ,in Ain Vair j
Its an inlet, so mdot is positive, but
note that the momentum is negative.


m eVe wVw,out Aout Vw,out i

PdA FluidShear 0
CSis ambient everywhere, and assumed ambient
Pressure
where fluid crosses, and no velocity gradients for shear.
 Cleaning Up:
0 m wVw,out R i m V
x air air ,in M total g R
y j

Rx m wVw,out
m airVair ,in
R y m airVair ,in M total g

Fluid crossing a CS acts as a Virtual

Force
Mg m wVw,out It is not an ACTUAL force, it is a
Momentum Flux (but it behaves like
an actual force).
It acts in the INWARD DIRECTION
(whether an inlet or exit).
Their evaluation may require a
Rx Ry surface integral.
 Quasi-1D Flow Approximation
Flow is all in one
direction,
variables (, u, P, etc) are
considered to be average
values at a cross-section
These all change in the
direction of flow.

Thing V dA Thing uA
CS
 Quasi-1D Flow Approximation

Any recirculation would pretty much make the quasi 1D

approx. suspect.
Its kind of hard to predict when this will occur.
Adverse pressure gradients (i.e. in diffusers) are of most
concern
Its harder to design a diffuser than a nozzle
 Could it Tip? Check Line of Action
x M A 0 xR R y Mg D / 2 xair m airVair ,in yair m wVw,out
air

m airVair ,in
Mg D / 2 xair m airVair ,in yair m wVw,out
xR
D/2 Mg m airVair ,in

Mg m wVw,out
Note: If xR < 0,
bucket will tip
yw
A

Rx Ry
xR
Moving, but Not Accelerating,
Control Volume
Linearly Accelerating
Control Volume
 Ex: Reducing Union

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