PARTS OF SPEECH (3)

E. ADVERB
Adverb is a part of speech comprising a
class of words that modifies, or adds to
the meaning of
A verb (except linking verb)
An adjective
Another adverb
A sentence
An adverb modifies a verb
Fire from bunsen burner heats the loop
quickly
Older people eat slowly
Young children play aggressively
Student must work carefully in the lab
My daughter speaks English fluently
Decrease the temperature immediately
after washing
An adverb modifies an adjective

The growth is very slow

The city change greatly fast
The food tastes really nice
Our samples are cloudy yellow
An adverb modifies another adverb
The cooling period is done too slowly
An adverb modifies a sentence

Unfortunately, we run out of the chemicals

Suddenly, He switch off the reactor

Previously, a researcher has found the

microbe
An adverb comes from an adjective
Accurate Accurately
Patient Patiently
Curious Curiously
Careless Carelessly
Extrem Extremly
Adverbs:
a. Adverb of manner
She writes slowly and speaks quietly.

b. Adverb of place
I have lived on the island for years.

c. Adverb of frequency
He feeds the animal every day.
They always break their fast with water and dates

d. Adverb of time
We have to stop eating before dawn.
She broke her fast first.

e. Adverb of purpose
She drives her new car carefully to avoid hitting other vehicles.
I try many methods to get the best results.
F. PREPOSITION
Preposition is a word that relates noun or noun phrase
to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence.

The most common prepositions are:

"about,"
"above,"
"across,"
"after,"
"against,"
"along,"
"among,"
"around,"
 "at,"
"before,"
"behind,"
"below,"
"beneath,"
"beside,"
"between,"
"beyond,"
"but,"
"by,"
"despite,"
 "down,"
"during,"
"except,"
"for,"
"from,"
"in,"
"inside,"
"into,"
"like,"
"near,"
 "of,"
"off,"
"on,"
"onto,"
"out,"
"outside,"
"over,"
"past,"
"since,"
"through,"
 "throughout,"
"till,"
"to,"
"toward,"
"under,"
"underneath,"
"until,"
"up,"
"upon,"
"with,"
"within,"
"without."
Examples
The burette is on the table.
The bottle of liquid is beneath the table.
My house is across the road.
Her lab is beside the main building.
My child can jump over the table.
I fell asleep during lecture.
More Examples
The children climbed the mountain without fear.
There was rejoicing throughout the land when the
government was defeated.
The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
The dog is hiding under the porch because it
knows it will be punished for chewing up a new
pair of shoes.
The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he
was certain was somewhere in his office.
G. CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is word that is used to join
words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
It differs from preposition which relates
the noun or noun phrase to an adverb, an
adjective or other words in a sentence.
Coordinating conjunction
And is used
a. to suggest that one idea is
chronologically sequential to another
b. to suggest that one idea is the result of
another
c. to suggest that one clause is dependent
upon another
d. to suggest a kind of "comment" on the
first clause.
But is used
a. to suggest a contrast that is unexpected
in light of the first clause
b. to suggest in an affirmative sense what
the first part of the sentence implied in
a negative way
c. to connect two ideas with the meaning
of "with the exception of" (and then the
second word takes over as subject.
Or is used
a. to suggest that only one possibility can be
realized
b. to suggest the inclusive combination of
alternatives
c. to suggest a negative condition
d. to suggest a negative alternative without the
use of an imperative

Authority used for this section on the uses of and, but, and or: A University
Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group:
Essex, England. 1993.
 Conjunction differs from preposition
which relates the noun or noun phrase to
an adverb, an adjective or other words in
a sentence.

Notice the difference function of and and

with in these sentences!
Susi and Budi are doing the titration (a)
Susi, with Budi is doing the titration (b)
The first sentence above (a) actually joins
these sentences:
Susi is doing the titration
Budi is doing the titration

The second sentence above (b) shows the

relation between Susi and Budi. It informs
the reader that When Susi is doing the
titration, Budi is also there. Please note
that Budi is not doing the titration.
b. Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction comes at the beginning of a subordinate
or dependent clause. It shows the relationship between the
dependent clause and the rest of the sentence.

For examples:
He decided to take the course as though he had been preparing for
this chance all his life.
Because she owed some money from him, she had to work in his
restaurant for at least a month.
My mother will not go shopping, unless she finds her purse back.

Other subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, as if, as long

as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, in
order that, now that, once, rather than, since, so that, than, that,
though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,
while.
c. Correlative conjunction
Correlative conjunction always appears in pair
and it treats the clause grammatically equal.

For example:
My brother sells not only groceries but also
electrical.
The teacher said neither pupils in need nor
disabled ones can join the school
Whether you win this game or lose it doesn't
matter as long as you do your best.
H. Interjection
Interjection is a word, a phrase or a short
sentence which can stand alone.
It is used to exclaim, command, or to
express emotion.
When interjection is more forceful, it
usually followed by an exclamation mark.
However, Interjection is rarely used in
academic writing.
For examples:

Wow, that is incredible!

No, thank you!
Sorry! I cant come to your graduation
ceremony.
Oh dear! You shouldnt have done this!
Excuse me!
Best regards,
I. Article
Article is word which is used to notify a
noun. There are 2 types of article: definite
article (the) and indefinite article (a, an).
For examples:
It is a great success that we have cloned a
new cell line. The cells now are growing well.

I have to prepare samples for my experiment

tomorrow. The samples are a slice of water
melon, an apple, a banana, an orange, and a
slice of honey dew.