Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dadan Kusdiana
Directorate General of Electricity and Energy Utilization
Republic of Indonesia
Introduction
Biomass available in all part of the
country;
Varied in different geographical
location;
Generally, the use of biomass is still
in traditional activities;
Biomass in the form of residue and
waste is not utilized yet.
Biomass energy
Resource: Energy form:
Forestry Solid
Biodiesel
Biogas
Policy developments for
biomass
Promoting Green Energy Policy
Priority in utilizing local energy
resources
Biomass programmes
Short term (5 years)
Investment
Promoting renewable energy programmes to financial
institutions
Simplifies credit procedures
Microfinance
Developing public-private partnership
Fiscal and tax incentives
Fiscal incentives (energy royalty, interest free loan)
Tax incentives (VAT, luxury tax, etc)
Energy pricing
Continue to remove energy subsidies
Premium pricing for renewable energies
Information
Research and development
Biomass programes
Long term (up to 20 year)
Non-fossil fuel obligation
Mandatory in utilizing environmentally-
friendly technologies
Financial institution for renewable
energy projects
National technical know-how on
biomass
Note: TCD= tones of Cane per day; FFB= Full Fruit Bunches; EFB= Empty Fruit Bunches.
Source: ZREU (2000)
Level of potentially available biomass residues for
power generation
Production Technical
Biomass Main region (million energy potential Remarks
ton/year) (million
GJ/year)
Rubber wood Sumatera, Kalimantan, 41 120 Small logs d <10 cm
Java (replanting) Big and medium logs are used as fire
wood in brick and roof tile industries:
price 20,000-30,000 IDR/m3
Logging residues Sumatera, Kalimantan 4.5 19
Sawn timber residues Sumater, Kalimantan 1.3 13 Residues of factories are often used as fire
wood by local communities, residues
available for free
Plywood and veneer Kalimantan, Sumatera, 1.5 16
production residues Java, Papua, Maluku
Sugar residues Java, Sumatera, South Bagasse: 10 78 Bagasse is generally used in sugar
Kalimantan Cane tops: 4 factories (90%)
Cane tissues: The use of cane tops and tissues needs to
9.6 be investigated
Rice residues Java, Sumatera, Husk: 12 150 Stalk and straw are generated at the field
Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Bran: 2.5 and generally burnt, in some areas used for
Bali, Nusa Tenggara Stalk: 2 feeding or raw material for paper
Straw: 49 industries
Husks often burnt uncontrolled
Coconut residues Sumatera, Java, Shell: 0.4 7 Residues are generated decentralized and
Sulawesi Husk: 0.7 usually left on the plantation field. Largely
used as fire wood and for the production
of charcoal
Palm oil residues Sumatera, new areas: Empty fruit 67 Palm shells and fibers are common fuel
Kalimantan, Sulawesi, bunches: 3.4 sources, EFB are generally incinerated
Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Fibers: 3.6
Papua Palm shells: 1.2
Estimated power capacity
generated from biomass waste*
Industries Estimated power
capacity, MW
Palm oil mills 90 250
Sugar mills 510 1,030
Rubberwood industries 680 1,600
Logging industries 390
Plywood waste 113
Forest clearing residues 666 9,330
Total 2,349-12,713
* ESMAP, 1994
Estimated surplus power capacity in palm oil industries
Power capacity based on CPO
Province Total capacity residues (MW)
(t FFB/h) Lower
Higher estimate
estimate
Aceh 230 7.0 19
North Sumatera 2070 63.0 168
Riau 300 9.1 24
Jambi 10 0.3
Bengkulu 30 0.9
South Sumatera 120 3.6 10
Lampung 70 2.1
West Java 30 0.9
West Kalimantan 90 2.7
East Kalimantan 30 0.9
South East Sulawesi 30 0.9
Irian Jaya 30 0.9
Total 3,040 92 247
Note: Calculated on the basis of 7884 operating hours per year.
The lower estimate takes account of an efficiency of 15% while the higher estimates 35%.
Source: from ESMAP, 1994.
Prospective options for generation
capacity in palm oil industries
Large centralized systems (30 MW
and up) utilizing EFB as residues and a
central collection system;
Medium size regional systems (3 5
MW) utilizing EFB from a number of
mills in a designated radius;
Decentralized systems (500 3 MW)
for individual palm oil mills.
Daily garbage production in some main cities
Total waste
No. City Population
(ton/day)
1. Jakarta 9,784,308 4,892
2. Surabaya 2,913,973 1,457
3. Bandung 2,603,855 1,301
4. Bekasi 1,577,958 789
5. Tangerang 1,466,596 733
6. Semarang 1,454,932 727
7. Malang 828,710 414
8. Surakarta 534,079 267
9. Denpasar 485,538 243
10. Yogyakarta 442,824 221
11. Bogor 306,246 154
Source: R. Sudrajat, 2004
Composition of garbage in Metropolitan cities
(in percentage)
Composition Medan Palembang Bandung Semarang Surabaya Jakarta U.Pandang
Papers 17.5 18.8 10.4 12.28 12.45 10.11 14.15
Wood/bamboo 0 - 0 25.74 - 3.12 1.15
Kitchen wastes 48.2 75.2 63.6 34.12 71.85 65.05 65.84
textile 0 0.3 1.8 1.56 1.94 2.45 1.22
Rubber/leather 2.3 0.5 4.1 1.08 0.54 0.55 0.36
Plastics 13.5 3.3 5.6 13.5 7.6 11.08 6.19
Metal 3.5 0.8 0.9 1.82 0.9 1.9 1.89
Sand, ceramic, - - - 0.49 - - 1.28
dusts
Glass 2.3 0.4 1.5 1.74 0.9 1.63 2.33
Others 12.7 0.6 12.1 7.64 3.82 4.11 5.6
Debt/Equity Ratio 60 : 40
Electricity crisis
Capacity
445.0 466.6 563.9 654.0 727.9 810.9
(MW)
Growth
4.9 2.7
(%/a)