1 Flexible AC Transmission

System(FACTS)
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CONTENTS
Introduction to power system
Conventional Techniques
Facts and Facts controllers
Types of Facts
Usage of Facts over the world
Conclusion
References
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POWER SYSTEM

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4 Controllable Parameters

Control of the line impedance

Current and active power control

Control of angle
Current and active power control

Series voltage injection

Current, active, and reactive power control

Parallel voltage injection

Current, active, and reactive power control

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Conventional System Solutions to
enhance Transmission capability
Series Capacitors (X)
Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V)
Transformer LTCs (V)
Phase Shifting Transformers ()
Synchronous Condensers (V)
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Characteristics of
Transmission Bottlenecks
Steady-State Power Transfer Limit
Voltage Stability Limit
Transient Stability Limit
Thermal Limit
Short-Circuit Current Limit
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7 What Are FACTS And FACTS Controllers?

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM(FACTS):-

AC transmission systems incorporating the power electronic-based to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.
FACTS is defined by the IEEE as a power electronics based system other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.

FACTS CONTROLLERS :-
A power electronic based system & other static equipment that provide control of one
or more AC transmission parameters.

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Why FACTS?
Enhances controllability and power transfer capability.
High speed response.
Control line impedance, voltage and optimum power flow.
Increase system security.
Provides greater flexibility.
Balance reactive power (voltage, transmission losses).
Increase the stability of power transmission over long
distances.
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9 Types of Compensation Techniques :-

SERIES COMPENSATION SHUNT COMPENSATION

Series is more powerful in controlling the Parallel is more effective in voltage control
current/power
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Power Electronics Devices For
FACTS Controllers

Line-Commutated:-
Thyristors
Electrically Triggered Thyristors (ETT)
Light Triggered Thyristors(LTT)
Self-Commutated:-
Gate-Turn Off Thyristors (GTO)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)
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Types of FACTS
Line-Commutated :-
SERIES {Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)}
SHUNT {Thyristor Controlled Reactor Switched Capacitor (TCR or TSC)}
BACK TO BACK {Conventional HVDC}
SERIES-SERIES {Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)}

Forced-Commutated :-
SERIES {Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)}
SHUNT {Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)}
SHUNT-SERIES{Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Battery Energy Storage (BES)}
SEREIS-SERIES{Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES)}
BACK TO BACK {Light HVDC}
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12 I. SVC Static Var Compensator
A SVC is an electrical device for providing fast acting reactive power on high-voltage electricity
transmission networks.
SVCs are part of the FACTS device family and regulating voltage and stabilizing the system.Unlike a
synchronous condenser which is a rotating electrical machine a SVC has no significant moving parts
and prior to the invention of the SVC power factor compensation was the preserve of large rotating
machines such as synchronous condensers or switched capacitor banks.
The elements which may be used to make an SVC typically include:
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) where the reactor may be air or iron cored.
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC).
Harmonic filter(s).
Mechanically switched capacitors or reactors.
Advantages:
Near instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason they are often operated
at close to their zero-point in order to maximize the reactive power correction they can rapidly provide
when required.
In SUVAM
general,
KUMAR cheaper,
SAHOO higher-capacity, faster and more reliable than dynamic compensation schemes
29/08/2017

such as synchronous condensers.

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14 II. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC)
TCSC is a power electronic based system and Thyristor Switched Capacitor is connected in
series with a bidirectional thyristor valve.
The TCSC can control power flow, mitigate sub-synchronous resonance, improve transient
stability, damp out power system oscillations resulting increase of power transfer
capability.
A single diagram of TCSC shows two modules connected in series and there can be one or
more module depending on the requirement to reduce the costs and TCSC may be used in
conjunction with fixed series capacitors.
Advantages :
The different compensation levels are obtained by varying the firing angle of the reactor-
circuit-thyristor.
Dynamic control of power flow in selected transmission lines within the network to enable
optimal power-flow conditions and prevent the loop flow of power.
Damping of the power swings from local and inter-area oscillations.
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16 III. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS
COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt-connected reactive-power compensation device that is
capable of generating and/ or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied to
control the specific parameters of an electric power system.
It is in general a solid-state switching converter capable of generating or absorbing
independently controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed from an
energy source or energy-storage device at its input terminals.
The dc voltage is provided by an energy-storage capacitor and a STATCOM can improve power-
system performance in such areas as the following:
The dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems;
The power-oscillation damping in power-transmission systems;
The transient stability;
The voltage flicker control; and
The control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active power in the
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connected line, requiring a dc energy source. 29/08/2017
17 STATCOM CONTINUED
Advantages :
It occupies a small footprint, for it replaces passive banks of circuit elements by compact
electronic converters;
It uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its environmental impact.
V-I charatersitcs of STATCOM :

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18 STATCOM Principle Diagram:

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19 Advantages of STATCOM over SVC and
TCSC
STATCOM OVER SVC :
Compared with an SVC, a STATCOM offers the possibility of feeding the grid with the maximum
available reactive current even at low voltage levels.
STATCOM is that the DC-link capacitor serves as storage for active power. Therefore in certain
situations, depending on the capacitor size, it is possible to regulate the interchange of active power
with the grid also.
STATCOM devices are capable of much faster dynamic reaction (1/4-1 cycle) than an SVC. In a
STATCOM the speed of response is limited by the commutation frequency of the IGBTs (normally 1
kHz).
STATCOM OVER TCSC :
Comparatively cheaper than TCSC.
As STATCOM is shunt connected, it is easy to connect STATCOM in transmission lines.
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20 Usage of FACTS over the world

The worlds first SVC for utility application was installed by General Electric (GE) at Nebraska, North
America in1974.
Further some installation of FACTS devices in America are, TCSC rating of 202 MVAR at Slatt 500 KV
Substation of Bonneville Power Administration in Oregon.
STATCOM rating of +/- 100 MVAR at 161 kV Sullivan Substation of Tennessee Valley Authority installed
in 1995.
The first FACTS device installed in India is Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) with Fixed
Series Compensation (FSC) at 400 kV transmission line between Kanpur (U.P) and Ballabgarh
(Haryana) in the Northern Grid.
Some more existing FACTS project which work successfully in India are, Ranchi-Sipat 400 kV D/C , 376
Km transmission line with 40% FSC at Ranchi end, Raipur-Rourkela 400 kV, D/C ,412 Km transmission
line with FSC-TCSC installed at Raipur end FSC-TCSC installed at Kalpakam-Khammam 400 kV, D/C,
364 Km transmission line in Andra Pradesh.

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21 Proposed FACTS projects in INDIA

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Conclusion

In developing nation like India, power demand in near future is very high and to meet this
increased power demand; not only installed capacity has to be increased but also transmission
network to be strengthened. With the installation of Fixed Series Capacitor with TCSC improve
dynamic performance under various contingencies of operation and may avoid disintegration
of grid as faced a number of times in the past. Under Indian circumstances, it is important to
utilize existing systems as efficiently as possible, to increase both the capacity and the quality
of present transmission networks, even if for limited period, through various innovative
methods with minimum investment.

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References

[1] Transmission Plan for Envisaged Renewable Capacity. A Report, Vol-I, Power Grid
Corporation of India Ltd. July, 2012.
[2] Transmission Plan for Envisaged Renewable Capacity. a Report, Vol-II, Power Grid
Corporation of India Ltd., July, 2012.
[3] Role of HVDC and FACTS in future Power Systems. W.Breuer, D. Povh, D. Retzmann, E.
Teltsch. X. Lei.Siemens AG, Germany. XJ Group, China.
[4] Understanding FACTS. Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems,Narain G.Hingorani & Laszlo Gyugyi.
[5] Application of FACTS in Indian Power System. Subrata Mukhopadhyay, Senior Member,
IEEE, Ashok K. Tripathy, Senior Member, IEEE, V.K.Prasher, and Krishan K.Arya.

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THANK YOU

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ANY QUESTIONS?

SUVAM KUMAR SAHOO

29/08/2017