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EAT 231: THERMODYNAMICS

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS


OF CONTROL VOLUMES

BY: DR. SARA YASINA YUSUF

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or


display.
COURSE OUTLINE

CO3
Ability to solve engineering problems in
thermodynamics involving closed and
open systems for both steady state and
transient processes

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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Conservation of Mass Principle
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
Special Case: Incompressible Flow

2. FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A


FLOWING FLUID
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Energy Transport by Mass
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3. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS
Mass and Energy balances for a steady-flow
process

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING


DEVICES
Nozzles and Diffusers
Turbines and Compressors
Throttling valves
Mixing chambers
Heat exchangers
Pipe and duct flow
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1. CONSERVATION OF MASS (continuity)
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we
must keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving
the control volume.

In an open system, energy


crosses the system boundary not
only through heat transfer and
work, but also through the
internal, kinetic, and potential
energy of the mass crossing the
system boundary.
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Closed systems: The mass of
the system remain constant
during a process. Mass cannot
cross the boundaries, but
energy can.
Mass m and energy E can be
converted to each other
according to
E mc 2

where c is the speed of


light in a vacuum, which
is c = 2.9979 x 108 m/s.

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Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Differential mass flow rate of fluid flowing in the dAc element
of area on a cross section the flow is proportional to
the dAc itself, the fluid density, and flow velocity
component normal to the dAc, which we show as Vn, and
expressed as (Figure 5-2)

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We define the average speed Vavg as
the average value of Vn in the entire
cross-section,

The volume of fluid flowing through


the cross section per unit time is called
the volume flow rate (Figure 5-4) and
is given by

Mass flow
rate

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Conservation of Mass Principle
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved
property, and it cannot be created or destroyed during a
process.
For any control volume the principle of conservation of
mass says:

Denoting the mass contained within the control


volume at time t by mcv(t), this statement of the
conservation of mass principle can be expressed
in symbols as

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In general, there may be several locations on the boundary
through which mass enters or exits. This can be accounted for
by summing, as follows:

For the special case of no mass crossing


the control surface (ie, volume control
resemble a closed system) dmCV dt 0
This relationship is valid if the volume
control is fixed, moving, or deformation
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the time rate of change of mass within the control volume plus
the net mass flow rate through the control surface is equal to
zero.

General
conservation of
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mass in rate form
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
The conservation of mass principle,
which has been previously introduced,
in rate format, is:

During a steady-flow process, the total


amount of mass contained within a
control volume does not change with
time. That is, dmCV / dt 0

Multiple inlets and exits


Single
stream

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,


diffusers, turbines, compressors, and pumps involve
a single stream (only one inlet and one outlet). 12
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even
further when the fluid is incompressible, which is usually
the case for liquids.
Steady,
incompressible

Steady,
incompressible flow
(single stream)

There is no such thing as a


conservation of volume principle.
For steady flow of liquids, the volume
flow rates, as well as the mass flow
rates, remain constant since liquids are
essentially incompressible substances.
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Example 5.1
A feedwater heater operating at steady
state has two inlets and one exit. At inlet
1, water vapor enters at P1 = 7 bar, T1 =
2000C with a mass flow rate of 40 kg/s. At
inlet 2, liquid water at P2 = 7 bar, T2 = 400C
enters through an area A2 = 25 cm2.
Saturated liquid at 7 bar exits at 3 with a
volumetric flow rate of 0.06 m3/s.
Determine the mass flow rates at inlet 2
and at the exit, in kg/s, and the velocity
at inlet 2, in m/s.
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Example 5.1- solution
Known: A stream of water vapor mixes with a liquid water
stream to produce a saturated liquid stream at the exit. The
states at inlets and exit are specified. Mass flow rate and
volumetric flow rate data are given at one inlet and at the
exit, respectively.

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At steady state the mass rate balance becomes

The mass flow rate is given. The mass flow rate at the exit can
be evaluated from the given volumetric flow rate
3 = 1.108 x 103 m3/kg. Hence

The mass flow rate at inlet 2 is then

State 2 is a compressed liquid. The specific volume


at this state can be approximated by

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2. FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A
FLOWING FLUID
Flow work (flow energy) - Work is needed to push the fluid
into or out of the boundaries of a control volume if mass
flow is involved. It is necessary for maintaining a continuous
flow through a control volume.

Consider a fluid element of volume V,


pressure P, and cross-sectional area A.
The flow immediately upstream will
force this fluid element to enter the
control volume, and it can be regarded
as an imaginary piston. The force
applied on the fluid element by the
imaginary piston is: F PA
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Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The enthalpy takes care


of energy required to
past fluid into and out of
a device automatically.
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The total energy consists of three parts for a non-flowing fluid
and four parts for a flowing fluid.

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Energy Transport by Mass
The rate of energy transport for a
flowing fluid is simply energy density
times mass flow rate.

The total energy is just,

When the kinetic and potential energies of a fluid


stream are negligible Emass mh
E mass m h
V 2
Ein, mass imi hi i
gzi mi
2 21
mi mi
Example 1

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Solution
Neglect potential energies.
Neglect kinetic energies.
Assume steady mass flow.
Assume interior is a saturated mixture while this is occurring.

For saturation conditions,

Amount of liquid evaporating,

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If we want steam velocity,

Steam is escaping,

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(c) Energy loss is,

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3. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS
Under steady flow conditions,
mass within CV does not change with
time.
energy within CV does not change with
time.
flow rates at inlet/outlets do not
change with time.
No intensive or extensive properties
within CV change with time.
Energy/enthalpy transport across
outlet does not change
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Sign Convention
There are many potential sign conventions that can be used.
Cengel Approach
Heat Transfer: heat transfer to a
system is positive and heat transfer
from a system is negative.

Work Transfer: work done by a


system is positive and work done on a
system is negative

Culham Approach
Anything directed into the system is
positive, anything directed out of the
system is negative.

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The units m2/s2 and J/kg
are equivalent.

when kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible

At very high velocities,


even small changes in
velocities can cause
Under steady operation, shaft work significant changes in the
and electrical work are the only kinetic energy of the fluid.
forms of work a simple compressible 30
system may involve.
Consider an electrical water heater.

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Single Stream Flow


For per unit mass (divide bym ),

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