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CO3
Ability to solve engineering problems in
thermodynamics involving closed and
open systems for both steady state and
transient processes
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Conservation of Mass Principle
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
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Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Differential mass flow rate of fluid flowing in the dAc element
of area on a cross section the flow is proportional to
the dAc itself, the fluid density, and flow velocity
component normal to the dAc, which we show as Vn, and
expressed as (Figure 5-2)
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We define the average speed Vavg as
the average value of Vn in the entire
cross-section,
Mass flow
rate
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Conservation of Mass Principle
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved
property, and it cannot be created or destroyed during a
process.
For any control volume the principle of conservation of
mass says:
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In general, there may be several locations on the boundary
through which mass enters or exits. This can be accounted for
by summing, as follows:
General
conservation of
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mass in rate form
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
The conservation of mass principle,
which has been previously introduced,
in rate format, is:
Steady,
incompressible flow
(single stream)
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At steady state the mass rate balance becomes
The mass flow rate is given. The mass flow rate at the exit can
be evaluated from the given volumetric flow rate
3 = 1.108 x 103 m3/kg. Hence
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2. FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A
FLOWING FLUID
Flow work (flow energy) - Work is needed to push the fluid
into or out of the boundaries of a control volume if mass
flow is involved. It is necessary for maintaining a continuous
flow through a control volume.
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Energy Transport by Mass
The rate of energy transport for a
flowing fluid is simply energy density
times mass flow rate.
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Solution
Neglect potential energies.
Neglect kinetic energies.
Assume steady mass flow.
Assume interior is a saturated mixture while this is occurring.
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If we want steam velocity,
Steam is escaping,
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(c) Energy loss is,
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3. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW
SYSTEMS
Under steady flow conditions,
mass within CV does not change with
time.
energy within CV does not change with
time.
flow rates at inlet/outlets do not
change with time.
No intensive or extensive properties
within CV change with time.
Energy/enthalpy transport across
outlet does not change
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Sign Convention
There are many potential sign conventions that can be used.
Cengel Approach
Heat Transfer: heat transfer to a
system is positive and heat transfer
from a system is negative.
Culham Approach
Anything directed into the system is
positive, anything directed out of the
system is negative.
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The units m2/s2 and J/kg
are equivalent.
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Single Stream Flow
For per unit mass (divide bym ),
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