Advance

Wireless
Networks
Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks
 Topics
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Applications
- Research Trends
 Ad Hoc Network Architecture
Architecture defines two kinds of services
1) Basic Service Set (BSS) 2)Extended Service Set (ESS)

BSS
BSS consists of Wireless Stations & possibly a
central base station known as access point(AP)
 Introduction
Mobile Ad Hoc network is a network of
autonomous devices
In 1990s with the emergence of wireless devices
concept of ad hoc network
IEEE 802.11 adopted term ad hoc network
Figure shows the architecture
IBSS (independent basic service set)
In 1997 IETF establishes
MANET working group

Figure.2 Ad Hoc architecture using IEEE 802.11 IBSS

 MANET Characteristic

Fast Deployment
Self Organized
Dynamic Topology
No centralized Management
Energy constraint operations
 MANETs Applications
Crisis Management
Battle field Applications
On the fly collaboration Application
Personal Area Networking
Commercial applications
 Types of MANET Routing
To understand network layer attacks in
MANETs we need to understand routing in
MANETs MANET Routing Protocols

Proactive Reactive

Hybrid
Example: Example:
OLSR AODV
 Common Features
MANET routing protocols must
Discover a path from source to destination
Maintain that path
Define mechanisms to exchange routing information
Reactive protocols
Discover a path when a packet needs to be transmitted and
no known path exists
Attempt to alter the path when a routing failure occurs
Proactive protocols
Find paths, in advance, for all source-pair destinations
Periodically exchange routing information to maintain paths
 AODV
AODV concepts are taken from perkins et.al.
work in [2][3]
Pure on-demand routing protocol
A node does not perform route discovery or
maintenance until it needs a route
Nodes that are not on active paths do not maintain
routing information and do not participate in routing
Uses a broadcast route discovery mechanism
Uses hop-by-hop routing
Routes are based on dynamic table entries
maintained at intermediate nodes
 AODV Concepts (2)
Local HELLO messages are used to
determine local connectivity
Can reduce response time to routing requests
Sequence numbers are assigned to routes
and routing table entries
Used to maintain freshness of route
Every node maintains two counters
Node sequence number
Broadcast ID
 AODV Route Request (1)
Initiated when a node wants to
communicate with another node, but does
not have a route to that node
Source node broadcasts a route request
(RREQ) packet to its neighbors
type flags resvd hopcnt
broadcast_id
dest_addr
dest_sequence_#
source_addr
source_sequence_#
 AODV Route Request (2)
Sequence numbers
Source sequence freshness of reverse route to source
Destination sequence no indicates freshness of route to
the destination
Every neighbor receives the RREQ and either
Returns a route reply (RREP) packet, or
Forwards the RREQ to its neighbors
(source_addr, broadcast_id) uniquely identifies the
RREQ
broadcast_id is incremented for every RREQ packet sent
Receivers can identify and discard duplicate RREQ
packets
 AODV Example (1)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2

Node 1 needs to send a data packet to Node 7

Assume Node 6 knows a current route to Node 7
Assume that no other route information exists in
the network (related to Node 7)
 AODV Example (2)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2

Node 1 sends a RREQ packet to its neighbors

source_addr = 1
dest_addr = 7
broadcast_id = broadcast_id + 1
source_sequence_# = source_sequence_# + 1
dest_sequence_# = last dest_sequence_# for Node 7
Mobile Networks: IP
Routing and MANET
 AODV Example (3)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2

Nodes 2 and 4 verify that this is a new RREQ

and that the source_sequence_# is not stale
with respect to the reverse route to Node 1
Nodes 2 and 4 forward the RREQ
Update source_sequence_# for Node 1
Increment hop_cnt in the RREQ packet
Mobile Networks: IP
Routing and MANET
 AODV Example (4)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2

RREQ reaches Node 6, which knows a route to 7

Node 6 must verify that the destination sequence
number is less than or equal to the destination
sequence number it has recorded for Node 7
Nodes 3 and 5 will forward the RREQ packet, but
the receivers recognize the packets as duplicates
Mobile Networks: IP
Routing and MANET
 AODV Route Reply (1)
If a node receives an RREQ packet and it
has a current route to the target
destination, then it unicasts a route reply
packet (RREP) to the neighbor that sent
the RREQ packet
type flags rsvd prsz hopcnt
dest_addr
dest_sequence_#
source_addr
lifetime
 AODV Route Reply (2)
Intermediate nodes propagate the first RREP for the
source towards the source using cached reverse route
entries
Other RREP packets are discarded unless
dest_sequence_# number is higher than the previous, or
destination_sequence_# is the same, but hop_cnt is
smaller (i.e., theres a better path)
RREP eventually makes it to the source, which can
use the neighbor sending the RREP as its next hop for
sending to the destination
Cached reverse routes will timeout in nodes not
seeing a RREP packet
 AODV Example (5)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2
Node 6 knows a route to Node 7 and sends an
RREP to Node 4
source_addr = 1
dest_addr = 7
dest_sequence_# = maximum(own sequence number,
dest_sequence_# in RREQ)
hop_cnt = 1
 AODV Example (6)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2

Node 4 verifies that this is a new route

reply (the case here) or one that has a
lower hop count and, if so, propagates the
RREP packet to Node 1
Increments hop_cnt in the RREP packet
 AODV Example (7)
4
Dest Next Hops
1 6
7 4 3

5 7
3
2

Node 1 now has a route to Node 7 in three hops

and can use it immediately to send data packets
Note that the first data packet that prompted path
discovery has been delayed until the first RREP
was returned
 AODV Route Maintenance
Route changes can be detected by
Failure of periodic HELLO packets
Failure or disconnect indication from the link level
Failure of transmission of a packet to the next
hop
The upstream (toward the source) node
detecting a failure propagates an route error
(RERR) packet with a new destination
sequence number
The source (or another node on the path) can
rebuild a path by sending a RREQ packet
 AODV Example (8)
4
1 6

5 7
3
2 7

Assume that Node 7 moves and link 6-7 breaks

Node 6 issues an RERR packet indicating the
broken path
The RERR propagates back to Node 1
Node 1 can discover a new route
 Research Trends in MANETs
o Routing issues
o Security
Basic Security, Secure Routing, Intrusion
detection & Prevention, securing services
o Management of MANETs (services &
resources )
o QoS analysis & provisioning
o Analytical modeling
 Security issues in MANETs
Major network layer security issues in MANETs are
Secure routing
Intrusion detection & prevention
Key distribution & management
Trust establishment
Protection of various active attacks in MANETs
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(VANETs)
Network of moving vehicles
Significant application of MANETs
Provision of safety & comfort
Communicate information
Research Issues
Mobility models
Routing Strategies

Figure.3 Vehicular Ad Hoc Network example

 Role of sensors in Vehicles ??
Monitoring
Condition based maintenance
Security alarms
Support in Accidents
Wireless Sensor
Networks
 Introduction
Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that
consists of sensors which are distributed in an
ad hoc manner.
These sensors work with each other to sense
some physical phenomenon and then the
information gathered is processed to get
relevant results.
Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols
and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

30
 Type of Sensors ?
Temperature
Pressure
Optical
Acoustic
Mechanical
Motion, vibration
Position
Electromagnetic
Chemical
Humidity
Radiation
 Example of WSN

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 32

Networks
Ref:http://esd.sci.univr.it/images/wsn-example.png
 Comparison with ad hoc networks

Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast

communication while ad hoc networks use
point-to-point communication.
Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor
networks are limited by sensors limited power,
energy and computational capability.
Sensor nodes may not have global ID because
of the large amount of overhead and large
number of sensors.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor 33
Networks
 Applications of Wireless Sensor
networks

The applications can be divided in three

categories:
1. Monitoring of objects.
2. Monitoring of an area.
3. Monitoring of both area and objects.

* Classification due to Culler, Estrin,

Srivastava
Introduction to Wireless Sensor 34
Networks
 Monitoring Area

Environmental and Habitat Monitoring

Precision Agriculture
Indoor Climate Control
Military Surveillance
Treaty Verification
Intelligent Alarms

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 35

Networks
 Example: Precision
Agriculture
Precision agriculture aims
at making cultural
operations more efficient,
while reducing
environmental impact.
The information collected
from sensors is used to
evaluate optimum sowing
density, estimate fertilizers
and other inputs needs, and
to more accurately predict
crop yields. Introduction to Wireless Sensor 36
Networks
 Hobo Sensors for
Agriculture ???
http://www.onse
tcomp.com/hob
onode-wireless-
sensors
 Monitoring Objects

Structural Monitoring
Eco-physiology
Condition-based Maintenance
Medical Diagnostics
Urban terrain mapping

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 38

Networks
 Example: Condition-based
Maintenance

Intel fabrication plants

Sensors collect vibration data, monitor wear
and tear; report data in real-time
Reduces need for a team of engineers;
cutting costs by several orders of magnitude

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 39

Networks
 Monitoring Interactions between
Objects and Space

Wildlife Habitats
Disaster Management
Emergency Response
Ubiquitous Computing
Asset Tracking
Health Care
Manufacturing Process Flows
Introduction to Wireless Sensor 40
Networks
Example: Habitat Monitoring

The ZebraNet Project

Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra
movement in Kenya

Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 41

Networks
 Characteristics of Wireless
Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consists of
sensors. Sensors are -
low power
limited memory
energy constrained due to their small size.
Wireless networks can also be deployed in
extreme environmental conditions and may be
prone to enemy attacks.
Although deployed in an ad hoc manner they need
to be self organized and self healing and can face
constant reconfiguration.

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 42

Networks
 Design Challenges

Heterogeneity
The devices deployed maybe of various types and
need to collaborate with each other.
Distributed Processing
The algorithms need to be centralized as the
processing is carried out on different nodes.
Low Bandwidth Communication
The data should be transferred efficiently between
sensors

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 43

Networks
 Continued..

Large Scale Coordination

The sensors need to coordinate with each other to
produce required results.
Utilization of Sensors
The sensors should be utilized in a ways that
produce the maximum performance and use less
energy.
Real Time Computation
The computation should be done quickly as new
data is always being generated.

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 44

Networks
 Operational Challenges of Wireless
Sensor Networks
Energy Efficiency
Limited storage and computation
Low bandwidth and high error rates
Errors are common
Wireless communication
Noisy measurements
Node failure are expected
Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
Survivability in harsh environments
Experiments are time- and space-intensive

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 45

Networks
 Enabling Technologies
Embed numerous distributed Network devices to coordinate
devices to monitor and interact and perform higher-level tasks
with physical world
Embedded Networked
Control system w/
Small form factor Exploit
Untethered nodes collaborative
Sensing, action
Sensing
Tightly coupled to physical world

Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 46
Networks
Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office
Sensors controlling
appliances and
electrical devices in
the house.
Better lighting and
heating in office
buildings.
The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor 47
Networks
 Biomedical / Medical
Health Monitors
Glucose
Heart rate
Cancer detection
Chronic Diseases
Artificial retina
Cochlear implants
Hospital Sensors
Monitor vital signs
Record anomalies
Introduction to Wireless Sensor 48
Networks
 Body Ares Sensor Networks

A project of IEEE 802.15

BASN IEEE 802.15-6
BASN allows novel applications
Health Care, Disability Assistance
Sports & Fitness
Human Activity Monitoring
Research issues
Reliable Routing Strategies
Adaptive QoS Provision Figure.2 Body Area Sensor Network
Environment [1].
 Military

Remote deployment of
sensors for tactical monitoring
of enemy troop movements.

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 50

Networks
 Industrial & Commercial

Numerous industrial and commercial

applications:
Agricultural Crop Conditions
Inventory Tracking
In-Process Parts Tracking
Automated Problem Reporting
RFID Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring

Introduction to Wireless Sensor 51

Networks
 Simulators
Some of the simulators used in MANETs
research are
 Summary
Introduce basic concepts of MANETs
Its characteristics and applications
Research trends and security issues